31. Virkar AA, Mannsfeld S, Bao Z, Stingelin N (2010) Organic semiconductor growth and
morphology considerations for organic thin-film transistors. Adv Mater 22:3857–3875
32. Verilhac J-M, Pokrop R, LeBlevennec G, Kulszewicz-Bajer I, Buga K, Zagorska M, Sadki S,
Pron A (2006) Molecular weight dependent charge carrier mobility in poly(3,3
00 -dioctyl2,2
0 :5
0 ,2
00 -terthiophene). J Phys Chem B 110:13305–13309
33. Donley CL, Zaumseil J, Andreasen JW, Nielsen MM, Sirringhaus H, Friend RH, Kim JS
(2005) Effects of packing structure on the optoelectronic and charge transport properties in
poly(9,9-Di-N-octylfluorene-Alt-benzothiadiazole). J Am Chem Soc 127:12890–12899
34. Brinkmann M, Rannou P (2009) Molecular weight dependence of chain packing and semicrystalline structure in oriented films of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) revealed by
high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Macromolecules 42:1125–1130
35. Rivnay J, Noriega R, Kline RJ, Salleo A, Toney MF (2011) Quantitative analysis of lattice
disorder and crystallite size in organic semiconductor thin films. Phys Rev B 84:045203
36. Chang J-F, Sun B, Breiby DW, Nielsen MM, So ¨lling TI, Giles M, McCulloch I, Sirringhaus H
(2004) Enhanced mobility of poly(3-hexylthiophene) transistors by spin-coating from highboiling-point solvents. Chem Mat 16:4772–4776
37. Clark J, Chang J-F, Spano FC, Friend RH, Silva C (2009) Determining exciton bandwidth and
film microstructure in polythiophene films using linear absorption spectroscopy. Appl Phys
Lett 94:163306
38. Salleo A, Chen TW, Volkel AR, Wu Y, Liu P, Ong BS, Street RA (2004) Intrinsic hole
mobility and trapping in a regioregular poly(thiophene). Phys Rev B 70:115311
39. DeLongchamp DM, Vogel BM, Jung Y, Gurau MC, Richter CA, Kirillov OA, Obrzut J,
Fischer DA, Sambasivan S, Richter LJ et al (2005) Variations in semiconducting polymer
microstructure and hole mobility with spin-coating speed. Chem Mat 17:5610–5612
40. Yang H, Shin TJ, Yang L, Cho K, Ryu CY, Bao Z (2005) Effect of mesoscale crystalline
structure on the field-effect mobility of regioregular poly(3-hexyl thiophene) in thin-film
transistors. Adv Funct Mater 15:671–676
41. Salammal Shabi T, Grigorian S, Brinkmann M, Pietsch U, Koenen N, Kayunkid N, Scherf U
(2012) Enhancement in crystallinity of poly(3-hexylthiophene) thin films prepared by
low-temperature drop casting. J Appl Polym Sci 125:2335–2341
42. Krebs FC (2009) Fabrication and processing of polymer solar cells: a review of printing and
coating techniques. Sol Energ Mater Sol Cell 93:394–412
43. Khim D, Han H, Baeg K-J, Kim J, Kwak S-W, Kim D-Y, Noh Y-Y (2013) Simple bar-coating
process for large-area, high-performance organic field-effect transistors and ambipolar complementary integrated circuits. Adv Mater 25:4302–4308
44. Sondergaard R, Hosel M, Angmo D, Larsen-Olsen TT, Krebs FC (2012) Roll-to-roll fabrication of polymer solar cells. Mater Today 15:36–49
45. Søndergaard RR, Ho ¨sel M, Krebs FC (2013) Roll-to-roll fabrication of large area functional
organic materials. J Polym Sci B 51:16–34
46. Wong L-Y, Png R-Q, Silva FBS, Chua L-L, Repaka DVM, Shi-Chen, Gao X-Y, Ke L, Chua
S-J, Wee ATS et al (2010) Interplay of processing, morphological order, and charge-carrier
mobility in polythiophene thin films deposited by different methods: comparison of spin-cast,
drop-cast, and inkjet-printed films. Langmuir 26:15494–15507
47. Kim SH, Hong K, Lee KH, Frisbie CD (2013) Performance and stability of aerosol-Jetprinted electrolyte-gated transistors based on poly(3-hexylthiophene). ACS Appl Mater
Interfaces 5:6580–6585
48. Aiyar AR, Hong J-I, Nambiar R, Collard DM, Reichmanis E (2011) Tunable crystallinity in
regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) thin films and its impact on field effect mobility. Adv
Funct Mater 21:2652–2659
49. Aiyar AR, Hong J-I, Izumi J, Choi D, Kleinhenz N, Reichmanis E (2013) Ultrasound-induced
ordering in poly(3-hexylthiophene): role of molecular and process parameters on morphology
and charge transport. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5:2368–2377
P3HT and Other Polythiophene Field-Effect Transistors
133
morphology considerations for organic thin-film transistors. Adv Mater 22:3857–3875
32. Verilhac J-M, Pokrop R, LeBlevennec G, Kulszewicz-Bajer I, Buga K, Zagorska M, Sadki S,
Pron A (2006) Molecular weight dependent charge carrier mobility in poly(3,3
00 -dioctyl2,2
0 :5
0 ,2
00 -terthiophene). J Phys Chem B 110:13305–13309
33. Donley CL, Zaumseil J, Andreasen JW, Nielsen MM, Sirringhaus H, Friend RH, Kim JS
(2005) Effects of packing structure on the optoelectronic and charge transport properties in
poly(9,9-Di-N-octylfluorene-Alt-benzothiadiazole). J Am Chem Soc 127:12890–12899
34. Brinkmann M, Rannou P (2009) Molecular weight dependence of chain packing and semicrystalline structure in oriented films of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) revealed by
high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Macromolecules 42:1125–1130
35. Rivnay J, Noriega R, Kline RJ, Salleo A, Toney MF (2011) Quantitative analysis of lattice
disorder and crystallite size in organic semiconductor thin films. Phys Rev B 84:045203
36. Chang J-F, Sun B, Breiby DW, Nielsen MM, So ¨lling TI, Giles M, McCulloch I, Sirringhaus H
(2004) Enhanced mobility of poly(3-hexylthiophene) transistors by spin-coating from highboiling-point solvents. Chem Mat 16:4772–4776
37. Clark J, Chang J-F, Spano FC, Friend RH, Silva C (2009) Determining exciton bandwidth and
film microstructure in polythiophene films using linear absorption spectroscopy. Appl Phys
Lett 94:163306
38. Salleo A, Chen TW, Volkel AR, Wu Y, Liu P, Ong BS, Street RA (2004) Intrinsic hole
mobility and trapping in a regioregular poly(thiophene). Phys Rev B 70:115311
39. DeLongchamp DM, Vogel BM, Jung Y, Gurau MC, Richter CA, Kirillov OA, Obrzut J,
Fischer DA, Sambasivan S, Richter LJ et al (2005) Variations in semiconducting polymer
microstructure and hole mobility with spin-coating speed. Chem Mat 17:5610–5612
40. Yang H, Shin TJ, Yang L, Cho K, Ryu CY, Bao Z (2005) Effect of mesoscale crystalline
structure on the field-effect mobility of regioregular poly(3-hexyl thiophene) in thin-film
transistors. Adv Funct Mater 15:671–676
41. Salammal Shabi T, Grigorian S, Brinkmann M, Pietsch U, Koenen N, Kayunkid N, Scherf U
(2012) Enhancement in crystallinity of poly(3-hexylthiophene) thin films prepared by
low-temperature drop casting. J Appl Polym Sci 125:2335–2341
42. Krebs FC (2009) Fabrication and processing of polymer solar cells: a review of printing and
coating techniques. Sol Energ Mater Sol Cell 93:394–412
43. Khim D, Han H, Baeg K-J, Kim J, Kwak S-W, Kim D-Y, Noh Y-Y (2013) Simple bar-coating
process for large-area, high-performance organic field-effect transistors and ambipolar complementary integrated circuits. Adv Mater 25:4302–4308
44. Sondergaard R, Hosel M, Angmo D, Larsen-Olsen TT, Krebs FC (2012) Roll-to-roll fabrication of polymer solar cells. Mater Today 15:36–49
45. Søndergaard RR, Ho ¨sel M, Krebs FC (2013) Roll-to-roll fabrication of large area functional
organic materials. J Polym Sci B 51:16–34
46. Wong L-Y, Png R-Q, Silva FBS, Chua L-L, Repaka DVM, Shi-Chen, Gao X-Y, Ke L, Chua
S-J, Wee ATS et al (2010) Interplay of processing, morphological order, and charge-carrier
mobility in polythiophene thin films deposited by different methods: comparison of spin-cast,
drop-cast, and inkjet-printed films. Langmuir 26:15494–15507
47. Kim SH, Hong K, Lee KH, Frisbie CD (2013) Performance and stability of aerosol-Jetprinted electrolyte-gated transistors based on poly(3-hexylthiophene). ACS Appl Mater
Interfaces 5:6580–6585
48. Aiyar AR, Hong J-I, Nambiar R, Collard DM, Reichmanis E (2011) Tunable crystallinity in
regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) thin films and its impact on field effect mobility. Adv
Funct Mater 21:2652–2659
49. Aiyar AR, Hong J-I, Izumi J, Choi D, Kleinhenz N, Reichmanis E (2013) Ultrasound-induced
ordering in poly(3-hexylthiophene): role of molecular and process parameters on morphology
and charge transport. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5:2368–2377
P3HT and Other Polythiophene Field-Effect Transistors
133