13. Panzer MJ, Frisbie CD (2008) Exploiting ionic coupling in electronic devices: electrolytegated organic field-effect transistors. Adv Mater 20:3177–3180
14. Kim SH, Hong K, Xie W, Lee KH, Zhang S, Lodge TP, Frisbie CD (2012) Electrolyte-gated
transistors for organic and printed electronics. Adv Mater 25:1822–1846
15. Panzer MJ, Frisbie CD (2006) High carrier density and metallic conductivity in poly
(3-hexylthiophene) achieved by electrostatic charge injection. Adv Funct Mater 16:1051–
1056
16. Lee J, Panzer MJ, He Y, Lodge TP, Frisbie CD (2007) Ion gel gated polymer thin-film
transistors. J Am Chem Soc 129:4532–4533
17. Cho JH, Lee J, Xia Y, Kim B, He YY, Renn MJ, Lodge TP, Frisbie CD (2008) Printable
ion-gel gate dielectrics for low-voltage polymer thin-film transistors on plastic. Nat Mat
7:900–906
18. Xia Y, Cho JH, Lee J, Ruden PP, Frisbie CD (2009) Comparison of the mobility-carrier
density relation in polymer and single-crystal organic transistors employing vacuum and
liquid gate dielectrics. Adv Mater 21:2174–2179
19. Xie W, Frisbie CD (2011) Organic electrical double layer transistors based on rubrene single
crystals: examining transport at high surface charge densities above 1013 cm
À2
. J Phys Chem
C 115:14360–14368
20. McCullough RD, Lowe RD (1992) Enhanced electrical conductivity in regioselectively
synthesized poly(3-alkylthiophenes). J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1992(1):70–72
21. McCullough RD, Lowe RD, Jayaraman M, Anderson DL (1993) Design, synthesis, and
control of conducting polymer architectures: structurally homogeneous poly
(3-alkylthiophenes). J Org Chem 58:904–912
22. Clark J, Silva C, Friend RH, Spano FC (2007) Role of intermolecular coupling in the
photophysics of disordered organic semiconductors: aggregate emission in regioregular
polythiophene. Phys Rev Lett 98:206406
23. Osaka I, McCullough RD (2008) Advances in molecular design and synthesis of regioregular
polythiophenes. Acc Chem Res 41:1202–1214
24. Aiyar AR, Hong J-I, Reichmanis E (2012) Regioregularity and intrachain ordering: impact on
the nanostructure and charge transport in two-dimensional assemblies of poly
(3-hexylthiophene). Chem Mat 24:2845–2853
25. Kohn P, Huettner S, Komber H, Senkovskyy V, Tkachov R, Kiriy A, Friend RH, Steiner U,
Huck WTS, Sommer J-U, Sommer M (2012) On the role of single regiodefects and polydispersity in regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene): defect distribution, synthesis of defect-free
chains, and a simple model for the determination of crystallinity. J Am Chem Soc 134
(10):4790–4805
26. Kline RJ, McGehee MD, Kadnikova EN, Liu JS, Frechet JMJ (2003) Controlling the fieldeffect mobility of regioregular polythiophene by changing the molecular weight. Adv Mater
15:1519–1522
27. Chang JF, Clark J, Zhao N, Sirringhaus H, Breiby DW, Andreasen JW, Nielsen MM, Giles M,
Heeney M, McCulloch I (2006) Molecular-weight dependence of interchain polaron delocalization and exciton bandwidth in high-mobility conjugated polymers. Phys Rev B
74:115318
28. Zen A, Pflaum J, Hirschmann S, Zhuang W, Jaiser F, Asawapirom U, Rabe JP, Scherf U,
Neher D (2004) Effect of molecular weight and annealing of poly(3-hexylthiophene)S on the
performance of organic field-effect transistors. Adv Funct Mater 14:757–764
29. Zhang R, Li B, Iovu MC, Jeffries-El M, Sauve ´ G, Cooper J, Jia S, Tristram-Nagle S, Smilgies
DM, Lambeth DN et al (2006) Nanostructure dependence of field-effect mobility in
regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) thin film field effect transistors. J Am Chem Soc
128:3480–3481
30. Kline RJ, McGehee MD, Kadnikova EN, Liu JS, Frechet JMJ, Toney MF (2005) Dependence
of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) film morphology and field-effect mobility on molecular weight. Macromolecules 38:3312–3319
132
J. Zaumseil
14. Kim SH, Hong K, Xie W, Lee KH, Zhang S, Lodge TP, Frisbie CD (2012) Electrolyte-gated
transistors for organic and printed electronics. Adv Mater 25:1822–1846
15. Panzer MJ, Frisbie CD (2006) High carrier density and metallic conductivity in poly
(3-hexylthiophene) achieved by electrostatic charge injection. Adv Funct Mater 16:1051–
1056
16. Lee J, Panzer MJ, He Y, Lodge TP, Frisbie CD (2007) Ion gel gated polymer thin-film
transistors. J Am Chem Soc 129:4532–4533
17. Cho JH, Lee J, Xia Y, Kim B, He YY, Renn MJ, Lodge TP, Frisbie CD (2008) Printable
ion-gel gate dielectrics for low-voltage polymer thin-film transistors on plastic. Nat Mat
7:900–906
18. Xia Y, Cho JH, Lee J, Ruden PP, Frisbie CD (2009) Comparison of the mobility-carrier
density relation in polymer and single-crystal organic transistors employing vacuum and
liquid gate dielectrics. Adv Mater 21:2174–2179
19. Xie W, Frisbie CD (2011) Organic electrical double layer transistors based on rubrene single
crystals: examining transport at high surface charge densities above 1013 cm
À2
. J Phys Chem
C 115:14360–14368
20. McCullough RD, Lowe RD (1992) Enhanced electrical conductivity in regioselectively
synthesized poly(3-alkylthiophenes). J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1992(1):70–72
21. McCullough RD, Lowe RD, Jayaraman M, Anderson DL (1993) Design, synthesis, and
control of conducting polymer architectures: structurally homogeneous poly
(3-alkylthiophenes). J Org Chem 58:904–912
22. Clark J, Silva C, Friend RH, Spano FC (2007) Role of intermolecular coupling in the
photophysics of disordered organic semiconductors: aggregate emission in regioregular
polythiophene. Phys Rev Lett 98:206406
23. Osaka I, McCullough RD (2008) Advances in molecular design and synthesis of regioregular
polythiophenes. Acc Chem Res 41:1202–1214
24. Aiyar AR, Hong J-I, Reichmanis E (2012) Regioregularity and intrachain ordering: impact on
the nanostructure and charge transport in two-dimensional assemblies of poly
(3-hexylthiophene). Chem Mat 24:2845–2853
25. Kohn P, Huettner S, Komber H, Senkovskyy V, Tkachov R, Kiriy A, Friend RH, Steiner U,
Huck WTS, Sommer J-U, Sommer M (2012) On the role of single regiodefects and polydispersity in regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene): defect distribution, synthesis of defect-free
chains, and a simple model for the determination of crystallinity. J Am Chem Soc 134
(10):4790–4805
26. Kline RJ, McGehee MD, Kadnikova EN, Liu JS, Frechet JMJ (2003) Controlling the fieldeffect mobility of regioregular polythiophene by changing the molecular weight. Adv Mater
15:1519–1522
27. Chang JF, Clark J, Zhao N, Sirringhaus H, Breiby DW, Andreasen JW, Nielsen MM, Giles M,
Heeney M, McCulloch I (2006) Molecular-weight dependence of interchain polaron delocalization and exciton bandwidth in high-mobility conjugated polymers. Phys Rev B
74:115318
28. Zen A, Pflaum J, Hirschmann S, Zhuang W, Jaiser F, Asawapirom U, Rabe JP, Scherf U,
Neher D (2004) Effect of molecular weight and annealing of poly(3-hexylthiophene)S on the
performance of organic field-effect transistors. Adv Funct Mater 14:757–764
29. Zhang R, Li B, Iovu MC, Jeffries-El M, Sauve ´ G, Cooper J, Jia S, Tristram-Nagle S, Smilgies
DM, Lambeth DN et al (2006) Nanostructure dependence of field-effect mobility in
regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) thin film field effect transistors. J Am Chem Soc
128:3480–3481
30. Kline RJ, McGehee MD, Kadnikova EN, Liu JS, Frechet JMJ, Toney MF (2005) Dependence
of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) film morphology and field-effect mobility on molecular weight. Macromolecules 38:3312–3319
132
J. Zaumseil