adsorption-desorption process, 48
advantages, 2
agglomeration/deagglomeration, 50
applications, 2
Boltzmann constant, 49
characteristics, 3
Christensen’s model, 6
clothing accessories, 2
CNT, 16
condensed resinous oil, 2
creep, 4
curing behaviour
carboxylated SBR and HNT, 28
definition, 27, 28
vulcanizing curves, 27, 29
dynamic mechanical measurements
cellulosic whiskers, 25
glassy and storage modulus, 26
NR and cellulose nanofiber-based
nanocomposites, 26, 27
NR composite, 10 Hz, 26, 28
Payne effect, 26
storage modulus and loss factor, 25, 26
dynamic moduli, 196
elastomers, 4, 16–17, 194
filler/elastomer interface, 49
filler modification affects, 50
filler particles and rubber matrix, 195
filler-rubber clusters, 50
Galerkin finite element method, 6
glassy layers, 195–196
Havea Brasiliensis, 1
Hooke’s Law, 3–4
linear-nonlinear transition, 5, 6
Maier and Goritz model, 49
microstructural changes, 5
nanocomposites (see Nanocomposites)
nanometer dimension fillers, 15–16
one-dimensional fillers (see
One-dimensional fillers)
Payne effect, 194–195
products, 1
rubber blends
adsorption/desorption mechanisms, 103
dynamic modulus, 102
elastic modulus, 103, 104
elastomers, 102
filler-polymer interaction, 102
intrinsic strain, 102
layered fillers (see Layered fillers)
loss modulus, 101–102, 104
non-homogeneity, 104–105
Payne effect, 103
properties, 101
spherical fillers, 105–111
static and dynamic behavior, 102
tubular fillers, 111–119
viscoelasticity, 101
rubber nanocomposites, 4, 48
rubber phenomenology (see Rubber
phenomenology)
storage modulus, 48
stress strain relationship, 5
stretching and un-stretching, 3
sulphur, 3
surface morphology, 22–23
tensile testing, 24–25
thermal properties, 23–24
thermoforming/blow-moulding, 6
thermoplastic elastomers, 16
viscoelasticity (see Viscoelasticity)
vulcanization/grafting, 2
XRD, 21–22
Non-linear viscoelastic range
dynamic functions
atactic polypropylene (aPP), 293
compounding effects, 295
“damping function”, 294–295
linear complex modulus, 297
parameters, 3D maps, 297
SBR, 295–296
strain sweep tests, 292
shear viscosity function
capillary rheometer experiments, 291
ethylene–propylene rubber, 291
O
One-dimensional fillers
nanofibers, 18–19
nanorod/nanowire, 18
nanotube, 17–18
P
PAM. See Polyacrylamide matrix (PAM)
Payne effect
adsorption-desorption process, 48
agglomeration/deagglomeration, 50, 78
amplitudes, 75–76
description, 60, 221
2D filler, 45
dispersion, 50–51
filled rubber system, 112, 120, 225
filler–filler network and breakdown,
68, 130
Index
305
advantages, 2
agglomeration/deagglomeration, 50
applications, 2
Boltzmann constant, 49
characteristics, 3
Christensen’s model, 6
clothing accessories, 2
CNT, 16
condensed resinous oil, 2
creep, 4
curing behaviour
carboxylated SBR and HNT, 28
definition, 27, 28
vulcanizing curves, 27, 29
dynamic mechanical measurements
cellulosic whiskers, 25
glassy and storage modulus, 26
NR and cellulose nanofiber-based
nanocomposites, 26, 27
NR composite, 10 Hz, 26, 28
Payne effect, 26
storage modulus and loss factor, 25, 26
dynamic moduli, 196
elastomers, 4, 16–17, 194
filler/elastomer interface, 49
filler modification affects, 50
filler particles and rubber matrix, 195
filler-rubber clusters, 50
Galerkin finite element method, 6
glassy layers, 195–196
Havea Brasiliensis, 1
Hooke’s Law, 3–4
linear-nonlinear transition, 5, 6
Maier and Goritz model, 49
microstructural changes, 5
nanocomposites (see Nanocomposites)
nanometer dimension fillers, 15–16
one-dimensional fillers (see
One-dimensional fillers)
Payne effect, 194–195
products, 1
rubber blends
adsorption/desorption mechanisms, 103
dynamic modulus, 102
elastic modulus, 103, 104
elastomers, 102
filler-polymer interaction, 102
intrinsic strain, 102
layered fillers (see Layered fillers)
loss modulus, 101–102, 104
non-homogeneity, 104–105
Payne effect, 103
properties, 101
spherical fillers, 105–111
static and dynamic behavior, 102
tubular fillers, 111–119
viscoelasticity, 101
rubber nanocomposites, 4, 48
rubber phenomenology (see Rubber
phenomenology)
storage modulus, 48
stress strain relationship, 5
stretching and un-stretching, 3
sulphur, 3
surface morphology, 22–23
tensile testing, 24–25
thermal properties, 23–24
thermoforming/blow-moulding, 6
thermoplastic elastomers, 16
viscoelasticity (see Viscoelasticity)
vulcanization/grafting, 2
XRD, 21–22
Non-linear viscoelastic range
dynamic functions
atactic polypropylene (aPP), 293
compounding effects, 295
“damping function”, 294–295
linear complex modulus, 297
parameters, 3D maps, 297
SBR, 295–296
strain sweep tests, 292
shear viscosity function
capillary rheometer experiments, 291
ethylene–propylene rubber, 291
O
One-dimensional fillers
nanofibers, 18–19
nanorod/nanowire, 18
nanotube, 17–18
P
PAM. See Polyacrylamide matrix (PAM)
Payne effect
adsorption-desorption process, 48
agglomeration/deagglomeration, 50, 78
amplitudes, 75–76
description, 60, 221
2D filler, 45
dispersion, 50–51
filled rubber system, 112, 120, 225
filler–filler network and breakdown,
68, 130
Index
305