9. Collier AA, Clegg DW (1988) Rheological measurement. Elsevier Appl Sci, New York, 483
10. Stephen TS, Winter HH, Gottlieb M (1988) The steady shear viscosity of filled polymeric
liquids described by a linear superposition of two relaxation mechanisms. Rheol Acta 27
(3):263–272
11. Song MS, He ZR (1990) The molecular theory of viscoelasticity for thermoplastic elastomer
SBS(SIS) at large deformations. Rheol Acta 29(1):31–45
12. Song MS (1989) Studies on the relationship between the network structure and the mechanical
properties of rubber vulcanizates (1) theory of elasticity for rubber vulcanizates with carbon
black fillers in large deformation. Chin J Chem Eng 4(2):162–177
13. Roland CM, Warzel ML (1990) Orientation effects in rubber double networks. Rubber Chem
Technol 63(2):285–297
14. Santangelo PG, Roland CM (1994) The mechanical behavior of double network elastomers.
Rubber Chem Technol 67(2):359–365
15. Santangelo PG, Roland CM (1995) Failure properties of natural rubber double networks.
Rubber Chem Technol 68(1):124–131
16. Roland CM, Peng KL (1991) Electrical conductivity in rubber double networks. Rubber Chem
Technol 64(5):790–800
17. Hamed GR, Huang MY (1998) Tensile and tear behavior of anisotropic double networks of a
black-filled natural rubber vulcanizate. Rubber Chem Technol 71(5):846–860
18. Kaang S, Nah C (1998) Fatigue crack growth of double-networked natural rubber. Polymer 39
(11):2209–2214
19. Hvidt S, Kramer O, Batsberg W, Ferry JD (1980) Contribution of entanglements to the
equilibrium modulus of 1,2-polybutadiene networks at small strains and estimate of the front
factor. Macromolecules 13(4):933–939
20. Batsberg W, Kramer O (1981) A direct experimental determination of the elastic contribution
of chain entangling in a tightly cross-linked elastomer. J Chem Phys 74(11):6507–6508
21. Granick S, Ferry JD (1983) Entangled chain structure trapped in a styrene-butadiene random
copolymer by cross-linking in simple extension. Macromolecules 16(1):39–45
22. Kramer O (1988) Selective quenching of large-scale molecular motions by cross-linking in the
strained state. ACS Symp Ser 367:48–58
23. Twardowski TE, Gaylord RJ (1989) The localization model of rubber elasticity and the stressstrain behavior of a network formed by cross-linking a deformed melt. Polym Bull 21(4):393–
400
24. Gaylord RJ, Twardowski TE, Douglas JF (1988) The localization model of rubber elasticity
and the deformation of a network formed by cross-linking a strained melt. Polym Bull 20
(3):305–310
25. Tobolsky AV, Takahashi Y, Naganuma S (1972) Effect of additional cross-linking of continuous chemical stress relaxation of cis-polybutadiene. Polym J 3(1):60–66
26. Gillen KT (1988) Effect of cross-links which occur during continuous chemical stressrelaxation. Macromolecules 21(2):442–446
27. Flory PJ (1956) Theory of elastic mechanisms in fibrous proteins. J Am Chem Soc 78
(20):5222–5235
28. Mandelkern L, Roberts DE, Diorio AF, Posner AS (1959) Dimensional changes in system of
fibrous macromolecules: polyethylene. J Am Chem Soc 81(16):4148–4157
29. Hikmet RAM, Lub J, Vanderbrink PM (1992) Structure and mobility within anisotropic
networks obtained by photopolymerization of liquid crystal molecules. Macromolecules 25
(16):4194–4199
30. Reichert WF, Goritz D, Duschl EJ (1993) The double network, a model describing filled
elastomers. Polymer 34(6):1216–1221
31. Mott PH, Roland CM (2000) Mechanical and optical behavior of double network rubbers.
Macromolecules 33(11):4132–4137
32. Kaang S, Gong D, Nah C (1997) Some physical characteristics of double-networked natural
rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 65(5):917–924
Effect of Double Networking on Non-Linear Viscoelasticity of Elastomers
189
10. Stephen TS, Winter HH, Gottlieb M (1988) The steady shear viscosity of filled polymeric
liquids described by a linear superposition of two relaxation mechanisms. Rheol Acta 27
(3):263–272
11. Song MS, He ZR (1990) The molecular theory of viscoelasticity for thermoplastic elastomer
SBS(SIS) at large deformations. Rheol Acta 29(1):31–45
12. Song MS (1989) Studies on the relationship between the network structure and the mechanical
properties of rubber vulcanizates (1) theory of elasticity for rubber vulcanizates with carbon
black fillers in large deformation. Chin J Chem Eng 4(2):162–177
13. Roland CM, Warzel ML (1990) Orientation effects in rubber double networks. Rubber Chem
Technol 63(2):285–297
14. Santangelo PG, Roland CM (1994) The mechanical behavior of double network elastomers.
Rubber Chem Technol 67(2):359–365
15. Santangelo PG, Roland CM (1995) Failure properties of natural rubber double networks.
Rubber Chem Technol 68(1):124–131
16. Roland CM, Peng KL (1991) Electrical conductivity in rubber double networks. Rubber Chem
Technol 64(5):790–800
17. Hamed GR, Huang MY (1998) Tensile and tear behavior of anisotropic double networks of a
black-filled natural rubber vulcanizate. Rubber Chem Technol 71(5):846–860
18. Kaang S, Nah C (1998) Fatigue crack growth of double-networked natural rubber. Polymer 39
(11):2209–2214
19. Hvidt S, Kramer O, Batsberg W, Ferry JD (1980) Contribution of entanglements to the
equilibrium modulus of 1,2-polybutadiene networks at small strains and estimate of the front
factor. Macromolecules 13(4):933–939
20. Batsberg W, Kramer O (1981) A direct experimental determination of the elastic contribution
of chain entangling in a tightly cross-linked elastomer. J Chem Phys 74(11):6507–6508
21. Granick S, Ferry JD (1983) Entangled chain structure trapped in a styrene-butadiene random
copolymer by cross-linking in simple extension. Macromolecules 16(1):39–45
22. Kramer O (1988) Selective quenching of large-scale molecular motions by cross-linking in the
strained state. ACS Symp Ser 367:48–58
23. Twardowski TE, Gaylord RJ (1989) The localization model of rubber elasticity and the stressstrain behavior of a network formed by cross-linking a deformed melt. Polym Bull 21(4):393–
400
24. Gaylord RJ, Twardowski TE, Douglas JF (1988) The localization model of rubber elasticity
and the deformation of a network formed by cross-linking a strained melt. Polym Bull 20
(3):305–310
25. Tobolsky AV, Takahashi Y, Naganuma S (1972) Effect of additional cross-linking of continuous chemical stress relaxation of cis-polybutadiene. Polym J 3(1):60–66
26. Gillen KT (1988) Effect of cross-links which occur during continuous chemical stressrelaxation. Macromolecules 21(2):442–446
27. Flory PJ (1956) Theory of elastic mechanisms in fibrous proteins. J Am Chem Soc 78
(20):5222–5235
28. Mandelkern L, Roberts DE, Diorio AF, Posner AS (1959) Dimensional changes in system of
fibrous macromolecules: polyethylene. J Am Chem Soc 81(16):4148–4157
29. Hikmet RAM, Lub J, Vanderbrink PM (1992) Structure and mobility within anisotropic
networks obtained by photopolymerization of liquid crystal molecules. Macromolecules 25
(16):4194–4199
30. Reichert WF, Goritz D, Duschl EJ (1993) The double network, a model describing filled
elastomers. Polymer 34(6):1216–1221
31. Mott PH, Roland CM (2000) Mechanical and optical behavior of double network rubbers.
Macromolecules 33(11):4132–4137
32. Kaang S, Gong D, Nah C (1997) Some physical characteristics of double-networked natural
rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 65(5):917–924
Effect of Double Networking on Non-Linear Viscoelasticity of Elastomers
189