6 Conclusions
This paper mainly summarizes the introduction of Song’s transient double-network
model, non-linear viscoelasticity of double-network formed by twice curing and
non-linear viscoelasticity of the NR/ZDMA composite with ionic and covalent
crosslink networks.
In Song’s double-network model, the interactions of non-hydrodynamic and
hydrodynamic forces and their dependence on the deformation rate were all taken
into account, the polymeric chains entangled with other ones by multientanglement and polymeric chains connected to a great number of destructible
particles by multi-adsorption, which could be recreated and released dynamically.
As for the double-network formed by twice curing, the double networks showed
lower hysteresis, plateau in G
0 and the maximum in G
00 than single network,
because that the carbon black agglomeration was reduced in the double networks.
In addition, the dynamic strain associated with breakup of the filler network is not
affected by the presence of the double network. The ionic crosslinks are formed by
metal salts graft-polymerized onto the rubber chains because of the large numbers
of ion pairs in polymerized metal salts molecules and the strong electrostatic
interaction between ion pairs, resulting that the cured rubbers contain covalent
crosslinks and ionic crosslinks. The slippage and exchange reaction of ionic bonds
under the dynamical stress led to a long “LVE region” in NR/ZDMA vulcanizate
and a remarkable stress softening. The primary “ionic crosslink network” formed at
the initial stage of curing shows specific non-linear viscoelasticity to the
NR/ZDMA compounds.
References
1. Medalia AI (1978) Effects of carbon black on dynamic properties of rubber. Rubber Chem
Technol 51(3):437–523
2. Wang MJ (1998) Effect of polymer-filler and filler-filler interactions on dynamic properties of
filled vulcanizates. Rubber Chem Technol 71(3):520–589
3. Meier JG, Kluppel M (2008) Carbon Black Networking in Elastomers Monitored by Dynamic
Mechanical and Dielectric Spectroscopy. Macromol Mater Eng 293(1):12–38
4. Vieweg S, Unger R, Heinrich G, Donth E (1999) Comparison of dynamic shear properties of
styrene-butadiene vulcanizates filled with carbon black or polymeric fillers. J Appl Polym Sci
73(4):495–503
5. Payne AR (1965) In Kraus G (ed) Reinforcement of elastomers. Interscience Publisher,
New York (Chap 3)
6. Payne AR (1964) The role of hysteresis in polymers. Rubber J 146(1):36–49
7. Zhao F, Shi XY, Chen X, Zhao SG (2010) Interaction of Vulcanization and Reinforcement of
CB on Dynamic Property of NR Characterized by RPA2000. J Appl Polym Sci 117(2):1168–
1172
8. Song MS, Wen Z, Hu GX (1999) Rheological behavior of polymer melts and concentrated
solutions. part V: a new molecular theory of non-linear viscoelasticity for polymeric suspensions. J Mater Sci Technol 15(2):169–177
188
Y. Chen and C. Xu
This paper mainly summarizes the introduction of Song’s transient double-network
model, non-linear viscoelasticity of double-network formed by twice curing and
non-linear viscoelasticity of the NR/ZDMA composite with ionic and covalent
crosslink networks.
In Song’s double-network model, the interactions of non-hydrodynamic and
hydrodynamic forces and their dependence on the deformation rate were all taken
into account, the polymeric chains entangled with other ones by multientanglement and polymeric chains connected to a great number of destructible
particles by multi-adsorption, which could be recreated and released dynamically.
As for the double-network formed by twice curing, the double networks showed
lower hysteresis, plateau in G
0 and the maximum in G
00 than single network,
because that the carbon black agglomeration was reduced in the double networks.
In addition, the dynamic strain associated with breakup of the filler network is not
affected by the presence of the double network. The ionic crosslinks are formed by
metal salts graft-polymerized onto the rubber chains because of the large numbers
of ion pairs in polymerized metal salts molecules and the strong electrostatic
interaction between ion pairs, resulting that the cured rubbers contain covalent
crosslinks and ionic crosslinks. The slippage and exchange reaction of ionic bonds
under the dynamical stress led to a long “LVE region” in NR/ZDMA vulcanizate
and a remarkable stress softening. The primary “ionic crosslink network” formed at
the initial stage of curing shows specific non-linear viscoelasticity to the
NR/ZDMA compounds.
References
1. Medalia AI (1978) Effects of carbon black on dynamic properties of rubber. Rubber Chem
Technol 51(3):437–523
2. Wang MJ (1998) Effect of polymer-filler and filler-filler interactions on dynamic properties of
filled vulcanizates. Rubber Chem Technol 71(3):520–589
3. Meier JG, Kluppel M (2008) Carbon Black Networking in Elastomers Monitored by Dynamic
Mechanical and Dielectric Spectroscopy. Macromol Mater Eng 293(1):12–38
4. Vieweg S, Unger R, Heinrich G, Donth E (1999) Comparison of dynamic shear properties of
styrene-butadiene vulcanizates filled with carbon black or polymeric fillers. J Appl Polym Sci
73(4):495–503
5. Payne AR (1965) In Kraus G (ed) Reinforcement of elastomers. Interscience Publisher,
New York (Chap 3)
6. Payne AR (1964) The role of hysteresis in polymers. Rubber J 146(1):36–49
7. Zhao F, Shi XY, Chen X, Zhao SG (2010) Interaction of Vulcanization and Reinforcement of
CB on Dynamic Property of NR Characterized by RPA2000. J Appl Polym Sci 117(2):1168–
1172
8. Song MS, Wen Z, Hu GX (1999) Rheological behavior of polymer melts and concentrated
solutions. part V: a new molecular theory of non-linear viscoelasticity for polymeric suspensions. J Mater Sci Technol 15(2):169–177
188
Y. Chen and C. Xu