Freeze-drying technique (cont.)
for pore formation process, 118
TiO 2 hollow spheres, 229, 230
of wet gels, 224
Freeze–thaw aging, of colloid sols, 4, 6–7
Freeze-thaw cycling, PVA cryogel, 288
effect, 292
freeze holding time, 290
number of, 289–290
rate of, 289
Freeze–thaw gels, textural morphology of, 85
Freeze–thaw-induced formation, of
noncovalent cryogels, 22
Freeze–thaw process, PVA cryogels, 175
Freezing
of carbon-containing suspensions, 236
of feed
chitosan cryogels preparation, 55, 56
description of, 54
low-temperature quenching, 57
parameters of, 55
rapid freezing procedure, 57
silver iodide crystals, 57
supercooling effect, 55
ultrasound treatment, 57–58
of wet gels, 224
Freezing–frozen storage–defrosting cycles,
multiple/iterative, 63
Friedel-Crafts reaction, 66
G
Gas foaming technique, 141
Gelation-cryogelation transition
fibroin hydrogel and cryogel, 126
PAAm hydrogels, 122–124
PIB gels, 124–125
poly(sodium acrylate) cryogels, 124
poly(AMPS) hydrogels, 124, 127–128
thermodynamic model, 119–122
Gel formation condition, 2
Gel-fraction, 52
Gel-fraction yield, 52
2-hydroxyethylcellulose, 204–206
water-soluble high molar mass polymer,
cryogel synthesis, 204–206
Gels
covalent, 51
definition of, 51
desired property of, 106
frozen-in morphologies of, 171
ionically/ion-chelately crosslinked gels, 51
liquid component of, 162
noncovalent (see Noncovalent (physical)
cryogels)
toughening techniques of, 106
Grafting, 263–264
Graphene-based cryogels, 236
H
HEC. See 2-Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC)
Heterogeneous open porous structure, 201
High molecular weight precursors, covalent
crosslinking of, 5, 8, 16, 22
High through-put screening, 267
Hildebrand theory, 147–148
Hydrogels, 106
2-Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC)
enzymatic degradation of, 205
gel fraction yield of, 204–206
SEM micrograph, 203, 204, 207
I
Ideal sorbent material properties, 147
Inorganic cryogels, 224
carbon cryogels
carbon-based particulate materials,
236–237
polymer-derived cryogels, 234–236
metal oxide cryogels
cryogel-derived bulk materials,
232–234
cryogenic polymer-gel synthesis,
225–227
particle isolation, 230–232
precipitated and co-precipitated
cryogels, 227–230
Internal gelation approach, 54
Intervertebral discs (IVD), 306–307
Ionic (ionotropic) cryogels, 36–37
Ionic hydrogels, 106
Ivalon™, 285
IVD. See Intervertebral discs (IVD)
J
Jelly-like medical liniments, 3
L
Liquid-liquid phase separation, PVA, 165, 184
Low-temperature quenching technique, 57
326
Index
for pore formation process, 118
TiO 2 hollow spheres, 229, 230
of wet gels, 224
Freeze–thaw aging, of colloid sols, 4, 6–7
Freeze-thaw cycling, PVA cryogel, 288
effect, 292
freeze holding time, 290
number of, 289–290
rate of, 289
Freeze–thaw gels, textural morphology of, 85
Freeze–thaw-induced formation, of
noncovalent cryogels, 22
Freeze–thaw process, PVA cryogels, 175
Freezing
of carbon-containing suspensions, 236
of feed
chitosan cryogels preparation, 55, 56
description of, 54
low-temperature quenching, 57
parameters of, 55
rapid freezing procedure, 57
silver iodide crystals, 57
supercooling effect, 55
ultrasound treatment, 57–58
of wet gels, 224
Freezing–frozen storage–defrosting cycles,
multiple/iterative, 63
Friedel-Crafts reaction, 66
G
Gas foaming technique, 141
Gelation-cryogelation transition
fibroin hydrogel and cryogel, 126
PAAm hydrogels, 122–124
PIB gels, 124–125
poly(sodium acrylate) cryogels, 124
poly(AMPS) hydrogels, 124, 127–128
thermodynamic model, 119–122
Gel formation condition, 2
Gel-fraction, 52
Gel-fraction yield, 52
2-hydroxyethylcellulose, 204–206
water-soluble high molar mass polymer,
cryogel synthesis, 204–206
Gels
covalent, 51
definition of, 51
desired property of, 106
frozen-in morphologies of, 171
ionically/ion-chelately crosslinked gels, 51
liquid component of, 162
noncovalent (see Noncovalent (physical)
cryogels)
toughening techniques of, 106
Grafting, 263–264
Graphene-based cryogels, 236
H
HEC. See 2-Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC)
Heterogeneous open porous structure, 201
High molecular weight precursors, covalent
crosslinking of, 5, 8, 16, 22
High through-put screening, 267
Hildebrand theory, 147–148
Hydrogels, 106
2-Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC)
enzymatic degradation of, 205
gel fraction yield of, 204–206
SEM micrograph, 203, 204, 207
I
Ideal sorbent material properties, 147
Inorganic cryogels, 224
carbon cryogels
carbon-based particulate materials,
236–237
polymer-derived cryogels, 234–236
metal oxide cryogels
cryogel-derived bulk materials,
232–234
cryogenic polymer-gel synthesis,
225–227
particle isolation, 230–232
precipitated and co-precipitated
cryogels, 227–230
Internal gelation approach, 54
Intervertebral discs (IVD), 306–307
Ionic (ionotropic) cryogels, 36–37
Ionic hydrogels, 106
Ivalon™, 285
IVD. See Intervertebral discs (IVD)
J
Jelly-like medical liniments, 3
L
Liquid-liquid phase separation, PVA, 165, 184
Low-temperature quenching technique, 57
326
Index