crosslinker concentration, 134
freezing temperature/rate, 129–132
monomer/polymer concentration, 133
Cryogenically structured macroporous gel-like
matrix fabrication, 36
Cryogenic polymer-gel synthesis method, 226
Cryostructurates, 4, 7, 36
Cryotexturates, 4
Cryotropic gelation, 4, 5, 7, 16
definition of, 51
feed system preparation, 53–54
freezing process, of feed
chitosan cryogels preparation, 55, 56
description of, 54
low-temperature quenching, 57
parameters of, 55
rapid freezing procedure, 57
silver iodide crystals, 57
supercooling effect, 55
ultrasound treatment, 57–58
gel formation, in moderately frozen
systems
acceleration over negative temperature,
73–77
bell-shaped temperature dependence,
78–84
CCG decrease, 66–73
macroporosity generation, 84–95
incubation of gelation system, in frozen
state, 58–60
poly(vinyl alcohol) (see Poly(vinyl alcohol)
(PVA))
schematic representation of, 60, 61
thawing stage, of frozen system, 60–65
Cryotropic gel formation, in moderately frozen
systems
acceleration over negative temperature
cysteine–cystine conversion, 75
inert polymeric additives, 75–76
poly(acrylamide) gel formation, 76, 77
thiol-containing poly(acrylamide),
oxidative gelation of, 73, 74
bell-shaped temperature dependence,
78–84
CCG decrease, 66–73
macroporosity generation
auxiliary agents, 87
auxiliary pore-forming agents, 88, 93
foamed PVA cryogels (see Foamed
PVA cryogels)
pore size variation, 84–85
temporarily insoluble porogen, 87–88
Crystallization
PVA cryogel, 286
PVA hydrogel, 183–184
D
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) cryogels
for carcinogenic agents removal, 136–140
ds-DNA conformation, 137
EGDE and BDDE crosslinkers, 109–110
swelling ratios, 137
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hydrogels,
136–137
3D highly porous fibroin network production,
141
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), PVA
cryogels, 176
Double-network (DN) cryogels, 109
E
Ethidium bromide (EtBr) and DNA cryogel
EtBr concentration
vs. contact time, 139
in external solution, 138
interaction of, 137
successive sorption cycles, 139
swelling behavior of, 139–140
F
Fibroin cryogels
EGDE and BDDE crosslinkers, 109–110
as mechanically strong scaffolds
compressive modulus and stress, 142,
143
elasticity, 141
stress–strain curves of, 116, 142, 143
Flash-freezing technique, 53
Flory–Rehner theory, 120
Foamed PVA cryogels
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, 94, 95
gross round pores, 93–94
mechanical whipping, 93, 94
microbubble-type pores, 94
smaller prolate pores, 94
surfactant additive impact, 94
Free-radical crosslinking copolymerization,
polymeric gels, 105
Freeze-dried polymeric matrices, 4
Freeze-drying technique
of carbon-containing suspensions, 236
Index
325
freezing temperature/rate, 129–132
monomer/polymer concentration, 133
Cryogenically structured macroporous gel-like
matrix fabrication, 36
Cryogenic polymer-gel synthesis method, 226
Cryostructurates, 4, 7, 36
Cryotexturates, 4
Cryotropic gelation, 4, 5, 7, 16
definition of, 51
feed system preparation, 53–54
freezing process, of feed
chitosan cryogels preparation, 55, 56
description of, 54
low-temperature quenching, 57
parameters of, 55
rapid freezing procedure, 57
silver iodide crystals, 57
supercooling effect, 55
ultrasound treatment, 57–58
gel formation, in moderately frozen
systems
acceleration over negative temperature,
73–77
bell-shaped temperature dependence,
78–84
CCG decrease, 66–73
macroporosity generation, 84–95
incubation of gelation system, in frozen
state, 58–60
poly(vinyl alcohol) (see Poly(vinyl alcohol)
(PVA))
schematic representation of, 60, 61
thawing stage, of frozen system, 60–65
Cryotropic gel formation, in moderately frozen
systems
acceleration over negative temperature
cysteine–cystine conversion, 75
inert polymeric additives, 75–76
poly(acrylamide) gel formation, 76, 77
thiol-containing poly(acrylamide),
oxidative gelation of, 73, 74
bell-shaped temperature dependence,
78–84
CCG decrease, 66–73
macroporosity generation
auxiliary agents, 87
auxiliary pore-forming agents, 88, 93
foamed PVA cryogels (see Foamed
PVA cryogels)
pore size variation, 84–85
temporarily insoluble porogen, 87–88
Crystallization
PVA cryogel, 286
PVA hydrogel, 183–184
D
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) cryogels
for carcinogenic agents removal, 136–140
ds-DNA conformation, 137
EGDE and BDDE crosslinkers, 109–110
swelling ratios, 137
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hydrogels,
136–137
3D highly porous fibroin network production,
141
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), PVA
cryogels, 176
Double-network (DN) cryogels, 109
E
Ethidium bromide (EtBr) and DNA cryogel
EtBr concentration
vs. contact time, 139
in external solution, 138
interaction of, 137
successive sorption cycles, 139
swelling behavior of, 139–140
F
Fibroin cryogels
EGDE and BDDE crosslinkers, 109–110
as mechanically strong scaffolds
compressive modulus and stress, 142,
143
elasticity, 141
stress–strain curves of, 116, 142, 143
Flash-freezing technique, 53
Flory–Rehner theory, 120
Foamed PVA cryogels
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, 94, 95
gross round pores, 93–94
mechanical whipping, 93, 94
microbubble-type pores, 94
smaller prolate pores, 94
surfactant additive impact, 94
Free-radical crosslinking copolymerization,
polymeric gels, 105
Freeze-dried polymeric matrices, 4
Freeze-drying technique
of carbon-containing suspensions, 236
Index
325