Carbon cryogels (cont.)
carbon-based particulate materials,
236–237
polymer-derived cryogels
composite anode development, 236
furaldehyde application, 235
high specific surface area, 235
resorcinol-formaldehyde gels, 235
thermal processing, 234, 235
Carbon nanotube (CNT) prepartion, 237
Cardiovascular devices
anisotropic PVA-BC nanocomposite, 311
heart valve stent, 310
prototype valve, 310–311
Cartilage, 307–309
CCG. See Critical concentration of gelation
(CCG)
Cell entrapment, 248
immobilized biocatalysts, 249–250
SEM images, 251
Cell seeding, 252
Ceramics production, 233–234
Chemical gels, 163
Chitosan cryogels preparation, 55, 56
Chitosan-PVA composites
coagulation, 305–306
drug delivery systems, 305
mechanical and morphological properties,
304–305
Chromatographic separation
cells
conventional elution and compression,
258, 260
gel matrix, 256
IDA gel, 257
immobilized metal affinity
chromatography, 257
lymphocytes fractionation, 257–258
monolithic affinity cryogel, 258, 259
organelles and subcellular particles,
258–260
viruses and phages, 260–263
Chromatography, of biomolecules
composite cryogels, bioseparation,
264–265
double polymer networks, 265–266
grafting, 263–264
Coagulation, 305–306
Complex PVA cryogels, 35
Complex-shaped porous preforms,
preservation of, 233
Composite cryogels, 264–265
Composite PVA cryogels, 35
Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM),
of PVA hydrogel, 179, 181
Co 3 O 4 cryogel samples, 226, 227
Co-precipitation process, 227
Covalent cryogel preparation, 52
considerations, 53–54
from macromolecular precursors, 16–21
Critical concentration of gelation (CCG)
crosslinked chitosan gels, in aqueous
medium, 66, 67
crosslinked poly(styrene) gels, in
nitrobenzene medium, 66, 68
locust bean gum, 71
noncovalent PVA cryogel preparation, 71,
73
polymerization-type cryogel formation, 71
poly(vinylalcohol-co-vinylacetate), pH
shift, 67–70
Cryochemical reactions, 59, 60
Cryo-concentrating phenomenon, 16
Cryo-concentration effect
crosslinked chitosan gels, in aqueous
medium, 66, 67
poly(vinylalcohol-co-vinylacetate), pH
shift, 67–70
Cryogelation technique, 107–108
3D highly porous fibroin network
production, 141
pore formation process, 118
Cryogels
vs. gels, 117–128
mechanical characterization
stress-strain curves of, 116–117
uniaxial compression tests, 115–116
morphological characterization
scanning electron microscopy, 114
swelling ratios, 114–115
total porosity, 114
total volume of open pores, 114
preparation of, 108
cryogel geometry, 112–113
gelation temperature, 111
Laponite multifunctional crosslinker,
109
monomeric/polymeric precursor
concentration, 111–112
organic solvents, 111
RAFT reactions, 109
water-soluble monomers, 109
squeezability of, 117
synthesis parameters, effect of
additives and solvent, 134–136
charge density, 133–134
324
Index
carbon-based particulate materials,
236–237
polymer-derived cryogels
composite anode development, 236
furaldehyde application, 235
high specific surface area, 235
resorcinol-formaldehyde gels, 235
thermal processing, 234, 235
Carbon nanotube (CNT) prepartion, 237
Cardiovascular devices
anisotropic PVA-BC nanocomposite, 311
heart valve stent, 310
prototype valve, 310–311
Cartilage, 307–309
CCG. See Critical concentration of gelation
(CCG)
Cell entrapment, 248
immobilized biocatalysts, 249–250
SEM images, 251
Cell seeding, 252
Ceramics production, 233–234
Chemical gels, 163
Chitosan cryogels preparation, 55, 56
Chitosan-PVA composites
coagulation, 305–306
drug delivery systems, 305
mechanical and morphological properties,
304–305
Chromatographic separation
cells
conventional elution and compression,
258, 260
gel matrix, 256
IDA gel, 257
immobilized metal affinity
chromatography, 257
lymphocytes fractionation, 257–258
monolithic affinity cryogel, 258, 259
organelles and subcellular particles,
258–260
viruses and phages, 260–263
Chromatography, of biomolecules
composite cryogels, bioseparation,
264–265
double polymer networks, 265–266
grafting, 263–264
Coagulation, 305–306
Complex PVA cryogels, 35
Complex-shaped porous preforms,
preservation of, 233
Composite cryogels, 264–265
Composite PVA cryogels, 35
Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM),
of PVA hydrogel, 179, 181
Co 3 O 4 cryogel samples, 226, 227
Co-precipitation process, 227
Covalent cryogel preparation, 52
considerations, 53–54
from macromolecular precursors, 16–21
Critical concentration of gelation (CCG)
crosslinked chitosan gels, in aqueous
medium, 66, 67
crosslinked poly(styrene) gels, in
nitrobenzene medium, 66, 68
locust bean gum, 71
noncovalent PVA cryogel preparation, 71,
73
polymerization-type cryogel formation, 71
poly(vinylalcohol-co-vinylacetate), pH
shift, 67–70
Cryochemical reactions, 59, 60
Cryo-concentrating phenomenon, 16
Cryo-concentration effect
crosslinked chitosan gels, in aqueous
medium, 66, 67
poly(vinylalcohol-co-vinylacetate), pH
shift, 67–70
Cryogelation technique, 107–108
3D highly porous fibroin network
production, 141
pore formation process, 118
Cryogels
vs. gels, 117–128
mechanical characterization
stress-strain curves of, 116–117
uniaxial compression tests, 115–116
morphological characterization
scanning electron microscopy, 114
swelling ratios, 114–115
total porosity, 114
total volume of open pores, 114
preparation of, 108
cryogel geometry, 112–113
gelation temperature, 111
Laponite multifunctional crosslinker,
109
monomeric/polymeric precursor
concentration, 111–112
organic solvents, 111
RAFT reactions, 109
water-soluble monomers, 109
squeezability of, 117
synthesis parameters, effect of
additives and solvent, 134–136
charge density, 133–134
324
Index