17. Peppas NA, Scott JE (1992) Controlled release from poly(vinyl alcohol) gels prepared by
freezing-thawing processes. J Control Release 18:95–100
18. Pazos V, Mongrain R, Tardif J (2009) Polyvinyl alcohol cryogel: optimizing the parameters
of cryogenic treatment using hyperelastic models. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2:542–549
19. Hassan C, Peppas N (2000) Structure and morphology of freeze/thawed PVA hydrogels.
Macromolecules 33:2472–2479
20. Lozinsky V, Damshkaln L, Shaskol’skii B, Babushkina T, Kurochkin I, Kurochkin I (2007)
Study of cryostructuring of polymer systems: 27. Physicochemical properties of poly (vinyl
alcohol) cryogels and specific features of their macroporous morphology. Colloid J
69:747–764
21. Trieu H, Qutubuddin S (1995) Poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogels: 2. Effects of processing
parameters on structure and properties. Polymer 36:2531–2539
22. Millon LE (2006) Isotropic and anisotropic polyvinyl alcohol based hydrogels for biomedical
applications. Dissertation, The University of Western Ontario, Canada
23. Wong EYL (2012) Poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposite hydrogels for intervertebral disc
prostheses. Dissertation, The University of Western Ontario, Canada
24. Hyon SH, Ikada Y (1987) Porous and transparent poly(vinyl alcohol) gel and method of
manufacturing the same. US Patent 4,663,358A
25. Ohkura M, Kanaya T, Keisuka K (1992) Gels of poly(vinyl alcohol) from dimethyl
sulphoxide/water solutions. Polymer 33:3686–3690
26. Lozinsky V, Solodova E, Zubov A, Simenel I (1995) Study of cryostructuration of polymer
systems. 11. The formation of PVA cryogels by freezing-thawing the polymer aqueoussolutions containing additives of some polyols. J Appl Polym Sci 58:171–177
27. Lozinsky V, Domotenko L, Zubov A, Simenel I (1996) Study of cryostructuration of polymer
systems. 12. Poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogels: influence of low-molecular electrolytes. J Appl
Polym Sci 61:1991–1998
28. Gordon M (1999) Controlling the mechanical properties of PVA hydrogels for biomedical
applications. Dissertation, The University of Western Ontario, Canada
29. Shaheen S, Yamaura K (2002) Preparation of theophylline hydrogels of atactic poly(vinyl
alcohol)/NaCl/H 2 O system for drug delivery system. J Control Release 81:367–377
30. Briscoe B, Luckham P, Zhu S (2000) The effects of hydrogen bonding upon the viscosity of
aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions. Polymer 41:3851–3860
31. Nugent M, Hanley A, Tomkins P, Higginbotham C (2005) Investigation of a novel freezethaw process for the production of drug delivery hydrogels. J Mater Sci Mater Med
16:1149–1158
32. Peppas N, Stauffer S (1991) Reinforced uncrosslinked poly (vinyl alcohol) gels produced by
cyclic freezing-thawing processes—a short review. J Control Release 16:305–310
33. Hatakeyama T, Yamauchi A, Hatakeyama H (1987) Effect of thermal hysteresis on
structural-change of water restrained in poly(vinyl-alcohol) pseudo-gel. Eur Polym J
23:361–365
34. Lozinsky V, Plieva F (1998) Poly (vinyl alcohol) cryogels employed as matrices for cell
immobilization. 3. Overview of recent research and developments. Enzyme Microb Technol
23:227–242
35. Lozinsky VI, Zubov AL, Savina IN, Plieva FM (2000) Study of cryostructuration of polymer
systems. XIV. Poly (vinyl alcohol) cryogels: apparent yield of the freeze–thaw‐induced
gelation of concentrated aqueous solutions of the polymer. J Appl Polym Sci 77:1822–1831
36. Lozinsky V, Damshkaln L (2000) Study of cryostructuration of polymer systems. XVII. Poly
(vinyl alcohol) cryogels: dynamics of the cryotropic gel formation. J Appl Polym Sci
77:2017–2023
37. Stauffer SR, Peppas NA (1992) Poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels prepared by freezing-thawing
cyclic processing. Polymer 33:3932–3936
38. Ricciardi R, D’Errico G, Auriemma F, Ducouret G, Tedeschi A, De Rosa C, Laupretre F,
Lafuma F (2005) Short time dynamics of solvent molecules and supramolecular organization
Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Cryogels for Biomedical Applications
317
freezing-thawing processes. J Control Release 18:95–100
18. Pazos V, Mongrain R, Tardif J (2009) Polyvinyl alcohol cryogel: optimizing the parameters
of cryogenic treatment using hyperelastic models. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2:542–549
19. Hassan C, Peppas N (2000) Structure and morphology of freeze/thawed PVA hydrogels.
Macromolecules 33:2472–2479
20. Lozinsky V, Damshkaln L, Shaskol’skii B, Babushkina T, Kurochkin I, Kurochkin I (2007)
Study of cryostructuring of polymer systems: 27. Physicochemical properties of poly (vinyl
alcohol) cryogels and specific features of their macroporous morphology. Colloid J
69:747–764
21. Trieu H, Qutubuddin S (1995) Poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogels: 2. Effects of processing
parameters on structure and properties. Polymer 36:2531–2539
22. Millon LE (2006) Isotropic and anisotropic polyvinyl alcohol based hydrogels for biomedical
applications. Dissertation, The University of Western Ontario, Canada
23. Wong EYL (2012) Poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposite hydrogels for intervertebral disc
prostheses. Dissertation, The University of Western Ontario, Canada
24. Hyon SH, Ikada Y (1987) Porous and transparent poly(vinyl alcohol) gel and method of
manufacturing the same. US Patent 4,663,358A
25. Ohkura M, Kanaya T, Keisuka K (1992) Gels of poly(vinyl alcohol) from dimethyl
sulphoxide/water solutions. Polymer 33:3686–3690
26. Lozinsky V, Solodova E, Zubov A, Simenel I (1995) Study of cryostructuration of polymer
systems. 11. The formation of PVA cryogels by freezing-thawing the polymer aqueoussolutions containing additives of some polyols. J Appl Polym Sci 58:171–177
27. Lozinsky V, Domotenko L, Zubov A, Simenel I (1996) Study of cryostructuration of polymer
systems. 12. Poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogels: influence of low-molecular electrolytes. J Appl
Polym Sci 61:1991–1998
28. Gordon M (1999) Controlling the mechanical properties of PVA hydrogels for biomedical
applications. Dissertation, The University of Western Ontario, Canada
29. Shaheen S, Yamaura K (2002) Preparation of theophylline hydrogels of atactic poly(vinyl
alcohol)/NaCl/H 2 O system for drug delivery system. J Control Release 81:367–377
30. Briscoe B, Luckham P, Zhu S (2000) The effects of hydrogen bonding upon the viscosity of
aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions. Polymer 41:3851–3860
31. Nugent M, Hanley A, Tomkins P, Higginbotham C (2005) Investigation of a novel freezethaw process for the production of drug delivery hydrogels. J Mater Sci Mater Med
16:1149–1158
32. Peppas N, Stauffer S (1991) Reinforced uncrosslinked poly (vinyl alcohol) gels produced by
cyclic freezing-thawing processes—a short review. J Control Release 16:305–310
33. Hatakeyama T, Yamauchi A, Hatakeyama H (1987) Effect of thermal hysteresis on
structural-change of water restrained in poly(vinyl-alcohol) pseudo-gel. Eur Polym J
23:361–365
34. Lozinsky V, Plieva F (1998) Poly (vinyl alcohol) cryogels employed as matrices for cell
immobilization. 3. Overview of recent research and developments. Enzyme Microb Technol
23:227–242
35. Lozinsky VI, Zubov AL, Savina IN, Plieva FM (2000) Study of cryostructuration of polymer
systems. XIV. Poly (vinyl alcohol) cryogels: apparent yield of the freeze–thaw‐induced
gelation of concentrated aqueous solutions of the polymer. J Appl Polym Sci 77:1822–1831
36. Lozinsky V, Damshkaln L (2000) Study of cryostructuration of polymer systems. XVII. Poly
(vinyl alcohol) cryogels: dynamics of the cryotropic gel formation. J Appl Polym Sci
77:2017–2023
37. Stauffer SR, Peppas NA (1992) Poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels prepared by freezing-thawing
cyclic processing. Polymer 33:3932–3936
38. Ricciardi R, D’Errico G, Auriemma F, Ducouret G, Tedeschi A, De Rosa C, Laupretre F,
Lafuma F (2005) Short time dynamics of solvent molecules and supramolecular organization
Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Cryogels for Biomedical Applications
317