Feizi H, Kamali M, Jafari L, Moghaddam PR (2013) Phytotoxicity and
stimulatory impacts of nanosized and bulk titanium dioxide on
fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill). Chemosphere 91:506–511
Feng Y, Cui X, He S, Dong G, Chen M, Wang J, Lin X (2013) The role
of metal NPs in influencing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi effects on
plant growth. Environ Sci Technol 47:9496–9504
Foltête AS, Masfaraud JF, Bigorgne E, Nahmani J, Chaurand P,
Botta C, Labille J, Rose J, Férard JF, Cotelle S (2011) Environmental impact of sunscreen nanomaterials: ecotoxicity and genotoxicity of altered TiO 2 nanocomposites on Vicia faba. Environ
Pollut 159:2515–2522
Frazier TP, Burklew CE, Zhang B (2014) Titanium dioxide NPs affect
the growth and microRNA expression of tobacco (Nicotiana
tabacum). Funct Integr Genomics 14:75–83
Fries R, Simkó M, (2012) Nano-titanium dioxide (Part I): basics,
production, applications. Institute of Technology Assessment of
the Austrian Academy of Sciences. NanoTrust-Dossiers No.
033en–November 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.
004
Gao J, Xu G, Qian H, Liu P, Zhao P, Hu Y (2013) Effects of nano-TiO 2
on photosynthetic characteristics of Ulmus elongata seedlings.
Environ Pollut 176:63–70
Ghosh M, Bandyopadhyay M, Mukherjee A (2010) Genotoxicity of
titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) NPs at two trophic levels: plant and human
lymphocytes. Chemosphere 81:1253–1262
Gogos A, Knauer K, Bucheli TD (2012) Nanomaterials in plant
protection and fertilization: current state, foreseen applications, and
research priorities. J Agric Food Chem 60:9781–9792
Gohari G, Mohammadi A, Akbari A, Panahirad S, Dadpour MR,
Fotopoulos V, Kimura S (2020) Titanium dioxide NPs (TiO 2 -NPs)
promote growth and ameliorate salinity stress effects on essential oil
profile and biochemical attributes of Dracocephalum moldavica. Sci
Rep 10:1–14
González-Melendi P, Fernández-Pacheco R, Coronado MJ, Corredor E,
Testillano PS, Marquina RMC, C, Ibarra MR, Rubiales D,
Pérez-de-Luque, A, (2008) NPs as smart treatment-delivery systems
in plants: assessment of different techniques of microscopy for their
visualisation in plant tissues. Ann Bot 101:187–195
Goswami A, Roy I, Sengupta S, Debnath N (2010) Novel applications
of solid and liquid formulations of NPs against insect pests and
pathogens. Thin Solid Films 519:1252–1257
Goswami L, Kim KH, Deep A, Das P, Bhattacharya SS, Kumar S,
Adelodun AA (2017) Engineered nano particles: nature, behavior,
and effect on the environment. J Environ Manage 196:297–315
Gupta K, Singh RP, Pandey A, Pandey A (2013) Photocatalytic
antibacterial performance of TiO 2 and Ag-doped TiO 2 against S.
aureus., P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol 4:345–
351
Haghighi M, da Silva JAT (2014) The effect of N-TiO 2 on tomato,
onion, and radish seed germination. J Crop SciBiotechnol17:221–
227.
Hazeem LJ, Bououdina M, Rashdan S, Brunet L, Slomianny C,
Boukherroub R (2016) Cumulative effect of zinc oxide and titanium
oxide NPs on growth and chlorophyll a content of Picochlorumsp. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:2821–2830
Hong F, Yang F, Liu C, Gao Q, Wan Z, Gu F, Wu C, Ma Z, Zhou J,
Yang P (2005) Influences of nano-TiO 2 on the chloroplast aging of
spinach under light. Biol Trace Elem Res 104:249–260
Hou J, Wang L, Wang C, Zhang S, Liu H, Li S, Wang X (2019)
Toxicity and mechanisms of action of titanium dioxide NPs in
living organisms. Int J Environ Sci 75:40–53
Jaberzadeh A, Moaveni P, Moghadam HRT, Zahedi H (2013) Influence
of bulk and NPs titanium foliar application on some agronomic
traits, seed gluten and starch contents of wheat subjected to water
deficit stress. Not Bot Horti Agrobot Cluj Napoca 41:201–207
Jacob DL, Borchardt JD, Navaratnam L, Otte ML, Bezbaruah AN
(2013) Uptake and translocation of Ti from NPs in crops and
wetland plants. Int J Phytoremediat. 15:142–153
Janmohammadi M, Amanzadeh T, Sabaghnia N, Dashti S (2016)
Impact of foliar application of nano micronutrient fertilizers and
titanium dioxide NPs on the growth and yield components of barley
under supplemental irrigation. Acta Agric Slov 107:265–276
Ji Y, Zhou Y, Ma C, Feng Y, Hao Y, Rui Y, Wu W, Gui X, Han Y,
Wang Y, Xing, B (2017) Jointed toxicity of TiO2 NPs and Cd to
rice seedlings: NPs alleviated Cd toxicity and Cd promoted NPs
uptake. Plant Physiol Biochem 110:82–93
Jiang F, Shen Y, Ma C, Zhang X, Cao W, Rui Y (2017) Effects of TiO 2
NPs on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings cultivated under
super-elevated and normal CO 2 conditions. PLoS ONE 12(5):
e0178088
Jiang G, Li X, Lan M, Shen T, Lv X, Dong F, Zhang S (2017)
Monodisperse bismuth NPs decorated graphitic carbon nitride:
enhanced visible-light-response photocatalytic NO removal and
reaction pathway. Appl Catal B: Environ 205:532–540
Jovanović B, Palić D (2012) Immunotoxicology of non-functionalized
engineered NPs in aquatic organisms with special emphasis on fish
—Review of current knowledge, gap identification, and call for
further research. Aquat Toxicol 118:141–151
Judy JD, Unrine JM, Rao W, Wirick S, Bertsch PM (2012)
Bioavailability of gold nanomaterials to plants: importance of
particle size and surface coating. Environ Sci Technol 46:8467–
8474
Karami A, Sepehri A (2018) Nano titanium dioxide and nitric oxide
alleviate salt induced changes in seedling growth, physiological and
photosynthesis attributes of barley. Zemdirbyste-Agric 105:123–
132
Keller AA, McFerran S, Lazareva A, Suh S (2013) Global life cycle
releases of engineered nanomaterials. J Nanoparticle Res 15:1692
Khan MN (2016) Nano-titanium Dioxide (Nano-TiO 2 ) mitigates NaCl
stress by enhancing antioxidative enzymes and accumulation of
compatible solutes in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.).
J Plant Sci 11:1–11
Khodakovskaya MV, Lahiani MH (2014) NPs and plants: from toxicity
to activation of growth. Hand Nanotoxicol Nanomed Stem Cell Use
Toxicol 121–130
Khot LR, Sankaran S, Maja JM, Ehsani R, Schuster EW (2012)
Applications of nanomaterials in agricultural production and crop
protection: a review. Crop Prot 35:64–70
Kurepa J, Paunesku T, Vogt S, Arora H, Rabatic BM, Lu J,
Wanzer MB, Woloschak GE, Smalle JA (2010) Uptake and
distribution of ultrasmall anatase TiO 2 Alizarin red S nanoconjugates in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nano Lett 10:2296–2302
Lapied E, Nahmani JY, Moudilou E, Chaurand P, Labille J, Rose J,
Exbrayat JM, Oughton DH, Joner EJ (2011) Ecotoxicological
effects of an aged TiO 2 nanocomposite measured as apoptosis in the
anecic earthworm Lumbricus terrestris after exposure through
water, food and soil. Environ Int 37:1105–1110
Larue C, Khodja H, Herlin-Boime N, Brisset F, Flank AM, Fayard B,
Chaillou S, Carrière M, (2011) Investigation of titanium dioxide
NPs toxicity and uptake by plants. J Phys: Conf Ser 304(1):012057
(IOP Publishing)
Larue C, Laurette J, Herlin-Boime N, Khodja H, Fayard B, Flank AM,
Brisset F, Carriere M (2012a) Accumulation, translocation and
impact of TiO 2 NPs in wheat (Triticum aestivum spp.): influence of
diameter and crystal phase. Sci Total Environ 431:197–208
Larue C, Veronesi G, Flank AM, Surble S, Herlin-Boime N, Carriere M
(2012b) Comparative uptake and impact of TiO 2 nano particles in
wheat and rapeseed. J Toxicol Environ Health A 75:722–734
Lei Z, Mingyu S, Xiao W, Chao L, Chunxiang Q, Liang C, Hao H,
Xiaoqing L, Fashui H (2008) Antioxidant stress is promoted by
Interaction of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles …
69
stimulatory impacts of nanosized and bulk titanium dioxide on
fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill). Chemosphere 91:506–511
Feng Y, Cui X, He S, Dong G, Chen M, Wang J, Lin X (2013) The role
of metal NPs in influencing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi effects on
plant growth. Environ Sci Technol 47:9496–9504
Foltête AS, Masfaraud JF, Bigorgne E, Nahmani J, Chaurand P,
Botta C, Labille J, Rose J, Férard JF, Cotelle S (2011) Environmental impact of sunscreen nanomaterials: ecotoxicity and genotoxicity of altered TiO 2 nanocomposites on Vicia faba. Environ
Pollut 159:2515–2522
Frazier TP, Burklew CE, Zhang B (2014) Titanium dioxide NPs affect
the growth and microRNA expression of tobacco (Nicotiana
tabacum). Funct Integr Genomics 14:75–83
Fries R, Simkó M, (2012) Nano-titanium dioxide (Part I): basics,
production, applications. Institute of Technology Assessment of
the Austrian Academy of Sciences. NanoTrust-Dossiers No.
033en–November 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.
004
Gao J, Xu G, Qian H, Liu P, Zhao P, Hu Y (2013) Effects of nano-TiO 2
on photosynthetic characteristics of Ulmus elongata seedlings.
Environ Pollut 176:63–70
Ghosh M, Bandyopadhyay M, Mukherjee A (2010) Genotoxicity of
titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) NPs at two trophic levels: plant and human
lymphocytes. Chemosphere 81:1253–1262
Gogos A, Knauer K, Bucheli TD (2012) Nanomaterials in plant
protection and fertilization: current state, foreseen applications, and
research priorities. J Agric Food Chem 60:9781–9792
Gohari G, Mohammadi A, Akbari A, Panahirad S, Dadpour MR,
Fotopoulos V, Kimura S (2020) Titanium dioxide NPs (TiO 2 -NPs)
promote growth and ameliorate salinity stress effects on essential oil
profile and biochemical attributes of Dracocephalum moldavica. Sci
Rep 10:1–14
González-Melendi P, Fernández-Pacheco R, Coronado MJ, Corredor E,
Testillano PS, Marquina RMC, C, Ibarra MR, Rubiales D,
Pérez-de-Luque, A, (2008) NPs as smart treatment-delivery systems
in plants: assessment of different techniques of microscopy for their
visualisation in plant tissues. Ann Bot 101:187–195
Goswami A, Roy I, Sengupta S, Debnath N (2010) Novel applications
of solid and liquid formulations of NPs against insect pests and
pathogens. Thin Solid Films 519:1252–1257
Goswami L, Kim KH, Deep A, Das P, Bhattacharya SS, Kumar S,
Adelodun AA (2017) Engineered nano particles: nature, behavior,
and effect on the environment. J Environ Manage 196:297–315
Gupta K, Singh RP, Pandey A, Pandey A (2013) Photocatalytic
antibacterial performance of TiO 2 and Ag-doped TiO 2 against S.
aureus., P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol 4:345–
351
Haghighi M, da Silva JAT (2014) The effect of N-TiO 2 on tomato,
onion, and radish seed germination. J Crop SciBiotechnol17:221–
227.
Hazeem LJ, Bououdina M, Rashdan S, Brunet L, Slomianny C,
Boukherroub R (2016) Cumulative effect of zinc oxide and titanium
oxide NPs on growth and chlorophyll a content of Picochlorumsp. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:2821–2830
Hong F, Yang F, Liu C, Gao Q, Wan Z, Gu F, Wu C, Ma Z, Zhou J,
Yang P (2005) Influences of nano-TiO 2 on the chloroplast aging of
spinach under light. Biol Trace Elem Res 104:249–260
Hou J, Wang L, Wang C, Zhang S, Liu H, Li S, Wang X (2019)
Toxicity and mechanisms of action of titanium dioxide NPs in
living organisms. Int J Environ Sci 75:40–53
Jaberzadeh A, Moaveni P, Moghadam HRT, Zahedi H (2013) Influence
of bulk and NPs titanium foliar application on some agronomic
traits, seed gluten and starch contents of wheat subjected to water
deficit stress. Not Bot Horti Agrobot Cluj Napoca 41:201–207
Jacob DL, Borchardt JD, Navaratnam L, Otte ML, Bezbaruah AN
(2013) Uptake and translocation of Ti from NPs in crops and
wetland plants. Int J Phytoremediat. 15:142–153
Janmohammadi M, Amanzadeh T, Sabaghnia N, Dashti S (2016)
Impact of foliar application of nano micronutrient fertilizers and
titanium dioxide NPs on the growth and yield components of barley
under supplemental irrigation. Acta Agric Slov 107:265–276
Ji Y, Zhou Y, Ma C, Feng Y, Hao Y, Rui Y, Wu W, Gui X, Han Y,
Wang Y, Xing, B (2017) Jointed toxicity of TiO2 NPs and Cd to
rice seedlings: NPs alleviated Cd toxicity and Cd promoted NPs
uptake. Plant Physiol Biochem 110:82–93
Jiang F, Shen Y, Ma C, Zhang X, Cao W, Rui Y (2017) Effects of TiO 2
NPs on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings cultivated under
super-elevated and normal CO 2 conditions. PLoS ONE 12(5):
e0178088
Jiang G, Li X, Lan M, Shen T, Lv X, Dong F, Zhang S (2017)
Monodisperse bismuth NPs decorated graphitic carbon nitride:
enhanced visible-light-response photocatalytic NO removal and
reaction pathway. Appl Catal B: Environ 205:532–540
Jovanović B, Palić D (2012) Immunotoxicology of non-functionalized
engineered NPs in aquatic organisms with special emphasis on fish
—Review of current knowledge, gap identification, and call for
further research. Aquat Toxicol 118:141–151
Judy JD, Unrine JM, Rao W, Wirick S, Bertsch PM (2012)
Bioavailability of gold nanomaterials to plants: importance of
particle size and surface coating. Environ Sci Technol 46:8467–
8474
Karami A, Sepehri A (2018) Nano titanium dioxide and nitric oxide
alleviate salt induced changes in seedling growth, physiological and
photosynthesis attributes of barley. Zemdirbyste-Agric 105:123–
132
Keller AA, McFerran S, Lazareva A, Suh S (2013) Global life cycle
releases of engineered nanomaterials. J Nanoparticle Res 15:1692
Khan MN (2016) Nano-titanium Dioxide (Nano-TiO 2 ) mitigates NaCl
stress by enhancing antioxidative enzymes and accumulation of
compatible solutes in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.).
J Plant Sci 11:1–11
Khodakovskaya MV, Lahiani MH (2014) NPs and plants: from toxicity
to activation of growth. Hand Nanotoxicol Nanomed Stem Cell Use
Toxicol 121–130
Khot LR, Sankaran S, Maja JM, Ehsani R, Schuster EW (2012)
Applications of nanomaterials in agricultural production and crop
protection: a review. Crop Prot 35:64–70
Kurepa J, Paunesku T, Vogt S, Arora H, Rabatic BM, Lu J,
Wanzer MB, Woloschak GE, Smalle JA (2010) Uptake and
distribution of ultrasmall anatase TiO 2 Alizarin red S nanoconjugates in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nano Lett 10:2296–2302
Lapied E, Nahmani JY, Moudilou E, Chaurand P, Labille J, Rose J,
Exbrayat JM, Oughton DH, Joner EJ (2011) Ecotoxicological
effects of an aged TiO 2 nanocomposite measured as apoptosis in the
anecic earthworm Lumbricus terrestris after exposure through
water, food and soil. Environ Int 37:1105–1110
Larue C, Khodja H, Herlin-Boime N, Brisset F, Flank AM, Fayard B,
Chaillou S, Carrière M, (2011) Investigation of titanium dioxide
NPs toxicity and uptake by plants. J Phys: Conf Ser 304(1):012057
(IOP Publishing)
Larue C, Laurette J, Herlin-Boime N, Khodja H, Fayard B, Flank AM,
Brisset F, Carriere M (2012a) Accumulation, translocation and
impact of TiO 2 NPs in wheat (Triticum aestivum spp.): influence of
diameter and crystal phase. Sci Total Environ 431:197–208
Larue C, Veronesi G, Flank AM, Surble S, Herlin-Boime N, Carriere M
(2012b) Comparative uptake and impact of TiO 2 nano particles in
wheat and rapeseed. J Toxicol Environ Health A 75:722–734
Lei Z, Mingyu S, Xiao W, Chao L, Chunxiang Q, Liang C, Hao H,
Xiaoqing L, Fashui H (2008) Antioxidant stress is promoted by
Interaction of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles …
69