nano-anatase in spinach chloroplasts under UV-B radiation. Biol
Trace Elem Res 121:69–79
Li J, Naeem MS, Wang X, Liu L, Chen C, Ma N et al (2015)
Nano-TiO 2 is not phytotoxic as revealed by the oilseed rape growth
and photosynthetic apparatus ultra-structural response. PLoS ONE
10(12):e0143885
Lin S, Reppert J, Hu Q, Hudson JS, Reid ML, Ratnikova TA, Rao AM,
Luo H, Ke PC (2009). Uptake, translocation, and transmission of
carbon nanomaterials in rice plants. Small 5:1128–1132
Lin Y, Qiqiang W, Xiaoming Z, Zhouping W, Wenshui X, Yuming D
(2011) Synthesis of Ag/TiO 2 core/shell NPs with antibacterial
properties. B Korean Chem Soc 32:2607–2610
Lindberg HK, Falck GCM, Suhonen S, Vippola M, Vanhala E, Catalán
J, Savolainen K, Norppa H (2009) Genotoxicity of nanomaterials:
DNA damage and micronuclei induced by carbon nanotubes and
graphite nanofibres in human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro.
Toxicol Lett 186:166–173
Lu JW, Li FB, Guo T, Lin LW, Hou MF, Liu TX (2006) TiO 2
photocatalytic antifungal technique for crops diseases control.
J. Environ. Sci 18:397–401
Ma X, Geiser-Lee J, Deng Y, Kolmakov A (2010) Interactions between
engineered NPs (ENPs) and plants: phytotoxicity, uptake and
accumulation. Sci Total Environ 408:3053–3061
Mahmoodzadeh H, Nabavi M, Kashefi H (2000) Effect of nanoscale
titanium dioxide particles on the germination andgrowth of Canola
(Brassica napus). J Ornamental Hortic Plants 3(1):25–32
Mahmoodzadeh H, Aghili R (2014) Effect on germination and early
growth characteristics in wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds
exposed to TiO 2 NPs. J Chem Health Risks 4:29–36
Mahmoodzadeh H, Nabavi M, Kashefi H (2013) Effect of nanoscale
titanium dioxide particles on the germination and growth of canola
(Brassica napus). J Ornamen Horti Plants 3:25–32
Mandeh M, Omidi M, Rahaie M (2012) In vitro influences of TiO 2 NPs
on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) tissue culture. Biol Trace Elem Res
150:376–380
Markowska-Szczupak A, Ulfig K, Morawski AW (2011) The application of titanium dioxide for deactivation of bioparticulates: an
overview. Catal Today 169:249–257
Maruyama CR, Guilger M, Pascoli M, Bileshy-José N, Abhilash PC,
Fraceto Navarro E, Baun A, Behra R, Hartmann NB, Filser J,
Miao AJ (2008) Environmental behavior and ecotoxicity of
engineered NPs to algae, plants, and fungi. Ecotoxicol 17:372–386
Mattiello A, Filippi A, Pošćić F, Musetti R, Salvatici MC, Giordano C,
Vischi M, Bertolini A, Marchiol L (2015) Evidence of phytotoxicity
and genotoxicity in Hordeum vulgare L. exposed to CeO 2 and TiO 2
NPs. Front Plant Sci 6:1043
Mattiello A, Marchiol L (2017) Application of nanotechnology in
agriculture: assessment of TiO 2 nanoparticle effects on Barley. In:
Janus M (ed) Application of titanium dioxide. In Tech: London,
UK, pp 23–39
Menard A, Drobne D, Jemec A (2011) Ecotoxicity of nanosized TiO 2 .
Review of in vivo data. Environ Pollut 159:677–684
Mishra V, Mishra RK, Dikshit A, Pandey AC (2014) Interactions of
NPs with plants: an emerging prospective in the agriculture
industry. In: Ahmad P, Rasool S (eds) Emerging technologies and
management of crop stress tolerance: biological techniques, vol 1.
Elsevier Academic Press, New York, pp 159–180
Moaveni P, Farahani HA, Maroufi K (2011) Effect of Ti [O. sub. 2]
NPs spraying on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field condition.
Adv Environ Biol 2208–2211.
Mohammadi R, Maali-Amiri R, Mantri NL (2014) Effect of TiO 2 NPs
on oxidative damage and antioxidant defense systems in chickpea
seedlings during cold stress. Russ J Plant Physiology 61:768–775
Mohammadi H, Esmailpour M, Gheranpaye A (2016) Effects of TiO 2
nanoparticles and water-deficit stresson morpho-physiological
characteristics of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.)
plants. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica 107(2):385–396
Moll J, Gogos A, Bucheli TD, Widmer F, van der Heijden MG (2016)
Effect of NPs on red clover and its symbiotic microorganisms.
J Nanotechnol 14:36
Monshausen GB, Bibikova TN, Messerli MA, Shi C, Gilroy S (2007)
Oscillations in extracellular pH and reactive oxygen species
modulate tip growth of Arabidopsis root hairs. Proc Natl Acad
Sci USA 20996–21001
Montazer M, Seifollahzadeh S (2011) Pretreatment of wool/polyester
blended fabrics to enhance titanium dioxide nanoparticle adsorption
and self-cleaning properties. Color Technol 127:322–327
Moreno-Olivas F, Gant VU, Johnson KL, Peralta-Videa JR,
Gardea-Torresdey JL (2014) Random amplified polymorphic
DNA reveals that TiO 2 NPs are genotoxic to Cucurbita pepo.
J Zhejiang Univ Sci A 15:618–623
Morteza E, Moaveni P, Farahani HA, Kiyani M (2013) Study of
photosynthetic pigments changes of maize (Zea mays L.) under
nano TiO 2 spraying at various growth stages. Springer Plus 2:247
Motyka O, Chlebíková L, Kutláková KM, Seidlerová J (2019) Ti and
Zn Content in Moss shoots after exposure to TiO 2 and ZnO NPs:
biomonitoring possibilities. B Environ Contam Tox 102:218–223
Mudunkotuwa IA, Grassian VH (2010) Citric acid adsorption on TiO 2
NPs in aqueous suspensions at acidic and circumneutral pH: surface
coverage, surface speciation, and its impact on nanoparticle—
nanoparticle interactions. J Am Chem Soc 132:14986–14994
Mukherjee A, Sun Y, Morelius E, Tamez C, Bandyopadhyay S, Niu G,
White JC, Peralta-Videa JR, Gardea-Torresdey JL (2016) Differential toxicity of bare and hybrid ZnO NPs in green pea (Pisum
sativum L.): A life cycle study. Front Plant Sci 6:1242
Mukherjee K, Acharya K, Biswas A, Jana NR (2020) TiO 2 NPs
Co-doped with nitrogen and fluorine as visible light-activated
antifungal agents. ACS Appl Nano Mater 1–29
Nair R, Varghese SH, Nair BG, Maekawa T, Yoshida Y, Kumar DS
(2010) Nanoparticulate material delivery to plants. Plant Sci
179:154–163
Navarro E, Baun A, Behra R, Hartmann NB, Filser J, Miao AJ,
Quigg A, Santschi PH, Sigg L (2008) Environmental behavior and
ecotoxicity of engineered NPs to algae, plants, and fungi. Ecotoxicol 17:372–386
Nel AE, Mädler L, Velegol D, Xia T, Hoek EM, SomasundaranP KF,
Castranova V, Thompson M (2009) Understanding biophysicochemical interactions at the nano-bio interface. Nat Mater 8:543–
557
Nowack B, Baalousha M, Bornhöft N, Chaudhry Q, Cornelis G,
Cotterill J, Gondikas A, Hassellöv M, Lead J, Mitrano DM, von der
Kammer F (2015) Progress towards the validation of modeled
environmental concentrations of engineered nanomaterials by
analytical measurements. Environ Sci Nano 2:421–428
Nyamukamba P, Okoh O, Mungondori H, Taziwa R, Zinya S (2018)
Synthetic methods for titanium dioxide NPs: a review. In: Yang D
(eds) Titanium dioxide—Material for a sustainable environment.
Intech Open, pp 151–175
Onelli E, Prescianotto-Baschong C, Caccianiga M, Moscatelli A (2008)
Clathrin-dependent and independent endocytic pathways in tobacco
protoplasts revealed by labelling with charged nanogold. J Exp Bot
59:3051–3068
Owolade OF, Ogunleti DO (2008) Effects of titanium dioxide on the
diseases, development and yield of edible cowpea. J PltProt Res
48:329–335
Pachapur VL, Larios AD, Cledón M, Brar SK, Verma M, Surampalli RY (2016) Behavior and characterization of titanium dioxide
and silver NPs in soils. Sci Total Environ 563:933–943
Paret M, Vallad G, Averett D, Jones J, Olson S (2012) Photocatalysis:
Effect of light-activated nanoscale formulations of TiO 2 on
70
R. Singh et al.
Trace Elem Res 121:69–79
Li J, Naeem MS, Wang X, Liu L, Chen C, Ma N et al (2015)
Nano-TiO 2 is not phytotoxic as revealed by the oilseed rape growth
and photosynthetic apparatus ultra-structural response. PLoS ONE
10(12):e0143885
Lin S, Reppert J, Hu Q, Hudson JS, Reid ML, Ratnikova TA, Rao AM,
Luo H, Ke PC (2009). Uptake, translocation, and transmission of
carbon nanomaterials in rice plants. Small 5:1128–1132
Lin Y, Qiqiang W, Xiaoming Z, Zhouping W, Wenshui X, Yuming D
(2011) Synthesis of Ag/TiO 2 core/shell NPs with antibacterial
properties. B Korean Chem Soc 32:2607–2610
Lindberg HK, Falck GCM, Suhonen S, Vippola M, Vanhala E, Catalán
J, Savolainen K, Norppa H (2009) Genotoxicity of nanomaterials:
DNA damage and micronuclei induced by carbon nanotubes and
graphite nanofibres in human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro.
Toxicol Lett 186:166–173
Lu JW, Li FB, Guo T, Lin LW, Hou MF, Liu TX (2006) TiO 2
photocatalytic antifungal technique for crops diseases control.
J. Environ. Sci 18:397–401
Ma X, Geiser-Lee J, Deng Y, Kolmakov A (2010) Interactions between
engineered NPs (ENPs) and plants: phytotoxicity, uptake and
accumulation. Sci Total Environ 408:3053–3061
Mahmoodzadeh H, Nabavi M, Kashefi H (2000) Effect of nanoscale
titanium dioxide particles on the germination andgrowth of Canola
(Brassica napus). J Ornamental Hortic Plants 3(1):25–32
Mahmoodzadeh H, Aghili R (2014) Effect on germination and early
growth characteristics in wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds
exposed to TiO 2 NPs. J Chem Health Risks 4:29–36
Mahmoodzadeh H, Nabavi M, Kashefi H (2013) Effect of nanoscale
titanium dioxide particles on the germination and growth of canola
(Brassica napus). J Ornamen Horti Plants 3:25–32
Mandeh M, Omidi M, Rahaie M (2012) In vitro influences of TiO 2 NPs
on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) tissue culture. Biol Trace Elem Res
150:376–380
Markowska-Szczupak A, Ulfig K, Morawski AW (2011) The application of titanium dioxide for deactivation of bioparticulates: an
overview. Catal Today 169:249–257
Maruyama CR, Guilger M, Pascoli M, Bileshy-José N, Abhilash PC,
Fraceto Navarro E, Baun A, Behra R, Hartmann NB, Filser J,
Miao AJ (2008) Environmental behavior and ecotoxicity of
engineered NPs to algae, plants, and fungi. Ecotoxicol 17:372–386
Mattiello A, Filippi A, Pošćić F, Musetti R, Salvatici MC, Giordano C,
Vischi M, Bertolini A, Marchiol L (2015) Evidence of phytotoxicity
and genotoxicity in Hordeum vulgare L. exposed to CeO 2 and TiO 2
NPs. Front Plant Sci 6:1043
Mattiello A, Marchiol L (2017) Application of nanotechnology in
agriculture: assessment of TiO 2 nanoparticle effects on Barley. In:
Janus M (ed) Application of titanium dioxide. In Tech: London,
UK, pp 23–39
Menard A, Drobne D, Jemec A (2011) Ecotoxicity of nanosized TiO 2 .
Review of in vivo data. Environ Pollut 159:677–684
Mishra V, Mishra RK, Dikshit A, Pandey AC (2014) Interactions of
NPs with plants: an emerging prospective in the agriculture
industry. In: Ahmad P, Rasool S (eds) Emerging technologies and
management of crop stress tolerance: biological techniques, vol 1.
Elsevier Academic Press, New York, pp 159–180
Moaveni P, Farahani HA, Maroufi K (2011) Effect of Ti [O. sub. 2]
NPs spraying on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field condition.
Adv Environ Biol 2208–2211.
Mohammadi R, Maali-Amiri R, Mantri NL (2014) Effect of TiO 2 NPs
on oxidative damage and antioxidant defense systems in chickpea
seedlings during cold stress. Russ J Plant Physiology 61:768–775
Mohammadi H, Esmailpour M, Gheranpaye A (2016) Effects of TiO 2
nanoparticles and water-deficit stresson morpho-physiological
characteristics of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.)
plants. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica 107(2):385–396
Moll J, Gogos A, Bucheli TD, Widmer F, van der Heijden MG (2016)
Effect of NPs on red clover and its symbiotic microorganisms.
J Nanotechnol 14:36
Monshausen GB, Bibikova TN, Messerli MA, Shi C, Gilroy S (2007)
Oscillations in extracellular pH and reactive oxygen species
modulate tip growth of Arabidopsis root hairs. Proc Natl Acad
Sci USA 20996–21001
Montazer M, Seifollahzadeh S (2011) Pretreatment of wool/polyester
blended fabrics to enhance titanium dioxide nanoparticle adsorption
and self-cleaning properties. Color Technol 127:322–327
Moreno-Olivas F, Gant VU, Johnson KL, Peralta-Videa JR,
Gardea-Torresdey JL (2014) Random amplified polymorphic
DNA reveals that TiO 2 NPs are genotoxic to Cucurbita pepo.
J Zhejiang Univ Sci A 15:618–623
Morteza E, Moaveni P, Farahani HA, Kiyani M (2013) Study of
photosynthetic pigments changes of maize (Zea mays L.) under
nano TiO 2 spraying at various growth stages. Springer Plus 2:247
Motyka O, Chlebíková L, Kutláková KM, Seidlerová J (2019) Ti and
Zn Content in Moss shoots after exposure to TiO 2 and ZnO NPs:
biomonitoring possibilities. B Environ Contam Tox 102:218–223
Mudunkotuwa IA, Grassian VH (2010) Citric acid adsorption on TiO 2
NPs in aqueous suspensions at acidic and circumneutral pH: surface
coverage, surface speciation, and its impact on nanoparticle—
nanoparticle interactions. J Am Chem Soc 132:14986–14994
Mukherjee A, Sun Y, Morelius E, Tamez C, Bandyopadhyay S, Niu G,
White JC, Peralta-Videa JR, Gardea-Torresdey JL (2016) Differential toxicity of bare and hybrid ZnO NPs in green pea (Pisum
sativum L.): A life cycle study. Front Plant Sci 6:1242
Mukherjee K, Acharya K, Biswas A, Jana NR (2020) TiO 2 NPs
Co-doped with nitrogen and fluorine as visible light-activated
antifungal agents. ACS Appl Nano Mater 1–29
Nair R, Varghese SH, Nair BG, Maekawa T, Yoshida Y, Kumar DS
(2010) Nanoparticulate material delivery to plants. Plant Sci
179:154–163
Navarro E, Baun A, Behra R, Hartmann NB, Filser J, Miao AJ,
Quigg A, Santschi PH, Sigg L (2008) Environmental behavior and
ecotoxicity of engineered NPs to algae, plants, and fungi. Ecotoxicol 17:372–386
Nel AE, Mädler L, Velegol D, Xia T, Hoek EM, SomasundaranP KF,
Castranova V, Thompson M (2009) Understanding biophysicochemical interactions at the nano-bio interface. Nat Mater 8:543–
557
Nowack B, Baalousha M, Bornhöft N, Chaudhry Q, Cornelis G,
Cotterill J, Gondikas A, Hassellöv M, Lead J, Mitrano DM, von der
Kammer F (2015) Progress towards the validation of modeled
environmental concentrations of engineered nanomaterials by
analytical measurements. Environ Sci Nano 2:421–428
Nyamukamba P, Okoh O, Mungondori H, Taziwa R, Zinya S (2018)
Synthetic methods for titanium dioxide NPs: a review. In: Yang D
(eds) Titanium dioxide—Material for a sustainable environment.
Intech Open, pp 151–175
Onelli E, Prescianotto-Baschong C, Caccianiga M, Moscatelli A (2008)
Clathrin-dependent and independent endocytic pathways in tobacco
protoplasts revealed by labelling with charged nanogold. J Exp Bot
59:3051–3068
Owolade OF, Ogunleti DO (2008) Effects of titanium dioxide on the
diseases, development and yield of edible cowpea. J PltProt Res
48:329–335
Pachapur VL, Larios AD, Cledón M, Brar SK, Verma M, Surampalli RY (2016) Behavior and characterization of titanium dioxide
and silver NPs in soils. Sci Total Environ 563:933–943
Paret M, Vallad G, Averett D, Jones J, Olson S (2012) Photocatalysis:
Effect of light-activated nanoscale formulations of TiO 2 on
70
R. Singh et al.