consuming and becomes too late to undertake control measures. So, dip-stick method proved as an effective way to
detect viral disease in potato plant where plant extract reacts
with the stick, and the detection is found within few minutes.
The precision and validity improved by using nanoparticles
(Koelmel et al. 2013).
5 Nanopheromone
Pheromones are chemicals compounds which are volatile in
nature secreted by a species for communicating with the
opposite sex of own individuals’ species. In this technology,
the pheromone compound attracts different sex female insects
and kills them for controlling pests (Ragaei et al. 2014).
Researchers find the way for the isolation, identification, and
synthesis of insect pheromone, which is compelling track
trace for management of pest as one of the integrated pest
management (IPM) strategy. But till nanotechnology needs
refinement for use in mass trapping and mating disruption
(Shelton et al. 2006; Brewer et al. 2012). Encapsulate pheromone compounds in nanotechnology plays vital role to
increase the effectiveness of prolonged use of semi-chemicals
(Poddar et al. 2018; Kumar et al. 2019). Prolonged use of
semi-chemical molecule of pheromones is encapsulated to
reduce its cost and wastage by slow-releasing compounds, and
it solves the problem of photo-instability by protecting these
compounds from sunlight and molecular oxidation. Application of nanotechnology is quite successful for the concept of
volatile pheromone compounds. The highly volatile pheromone compounds identified with regulating its releasing
pattern through nanoformulations (Kumar et al. 2019).
6 Nanopesticides for Sustainability
in Agricultural Crop-Production
Nanopesticides in nanometer (nm) range consists of organic
as well as inorganic ingredients (e.g., polymers and metal
oxides) in various forms (e.g., particles and micelles)
(Ragaei and Sabry 2014). The use of (ENPs) for plant protection products are termed as “nanopesticides.”
“Small-sized nanopesticides are engineered active structure
having useful pesticidal properties.” Nanopesticides represent an emerging technological development that include
increased efficacy, durability, and a reduction in the amounts
of active ingredients. For seeking environmental safety
measures, use of varied products have been done at different
stages in the product development cycle for enhancing the
efficacy of existing pesticide active ingredients (Kah and
Hofmann 2014).
In some cases, the ENP itself may “drive” the biological
effect (e.g., nanosilver when used as a pesticide where the
active component is the ionic gold that is released from the
ENP). In contrast, in other cases, nanotechnology is used to
protect an active ingredient or enhanced its delivery to the
site of action (Chinnamuthu and Boopathi 2009). Use of
nanoformulation has been also done for enhancing IPM
module bio-pesticides self-life that has the poor self-life as
well as its pesticidal action.
Nanotechnology following “smart field systems” to detect
pathogens and find the application of the use of pesticides is
needed for protection of the environment. By the use of
reduced quantities and targeted the implementation of the
pesticide active ingredient, monitor the effects of pesticides
molecules (Chhipa 2017). Nanotechnology is being used
with the aim to improve plant disease resistance for growth
enhancement and sufficient nutrient utilization, agrochemicals design, and fabrication of nanoplant protection inputs
(herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and pheromone) for
protecting the natural environment. Rather than conventional
agrochemicals, nanoformulations designed more effectively
where nano-encapsulation which shows more benefits, efficient use, and safe handling of pesticides with less exposure
to the environment. With the guarantees for eco-protection
transformation use of nanotechnology has sufficient potential
for genetic manipulation of plants to obtain improved varieties. Within the field of plant pathology, problems and their
protection from plant-pathogen interaction found a way
through nanotechnology-based précised process and product
which capably delivered the nutrients to plant in the
appropriate quantity. As per the laboratory results, it shows
that the nutrient efficiency of nanofertilizer nitrogen (N) increased from 32% in conventional fertilizers to 72% amount
of fertilizers used reduced by half to the amount of grain
being harvested (Chinnamuthu and Boopathi 2009).
Nanopesticides/fertilizers influence the soil–plant system
(Fig. 2) with improvement of an analytical tool for detection
of the transportation system of ENPs in plant–soil system
(Shrivastava et al. 2019).
7 Effects of Plant Exposure to the Gold Metal
Nanoparticle (AuNPs)
The growth and productivity of Brassica juncea (Arora et al.
2012) is studied after spraying the plant with suspensions of
various AuNP concentrations. The particles within plant
tissues were detected by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
The effects of AuNP applications were positive, including
increased stem length and diameter, increased numbers of
leaves and shoots, and improved productivity (Gunjan et al.
2014). The addition of AuNPs to soil used for plant growth
enhanced seed germination in Zea mays (Mahakam et al.
2016) and Pennisetum glaucum (Parveen et al. 2016). Using
synchrotron-based X-ray microanalysis and high-resolution
22
Upinder and R. Kumar
detect viral disease in potato plant where plant extract reacts
with the stick, and the detection is found within few minutes.
The precision and validity improved by using nanoparticles
(Koelmel et al. 2013).
5 Nanopheromone
Pheromones are chemicals compounds which are volatile in
nature secreted by a species for communicating with the
opposite sex of own individuals’ species. In this technology,
the pheromone compound attracts different sex female insects
and kills them for controlling pests (Ragaei et al. 2014).
Researchers find the way for the isolation, identification, and
synthesis of insect pheromone, which is compelling track
trace for management of pest as one of the integrated pest
management (IPM) strategy. But till nanotechnology needs
refinement for use in mass trapping and mating disruption
(Shelton et al. 2006; Brewer et al. 2012). Encapsulate pheromone compounds in nanotechnology plays vital role to
increase the effectiveness of prolonged use of semi-chemicals
(Poddar et al. 2018; Kumar et al. 2019). Prolonged use of
semi-chemical molecule of pheromones is encapsulated to
reduce its cost and wastage by slow-releasing compounds, and
it solves the problem of photo-instability by protecting these
compounds from sunlight and molecular oxidation. Application of nanotechnology is quite successful for the concept of
volatile pheromone compounds. The highly volatile pheromone compounds identified with regulating its releasing
pattern through nanoformulations (Kumar et al. 2019).
6 Nanopesticides for Sustainability
in Agricultural Crop-Production
Nanopesticides in nanometer (nm) range consists of organic
as well as inorganic ingredients (e.g., polymers and metal
oxides) in various forms (e.g., particles and micelles)
(Ragaei and Sabry 2014). The use of (ENPs) for plant protection products are termed as “nanopesticides.”
“Small-sized nanopesticides are engineered active structure
having useful pesticidal properties.” Nanopesticides represent an emerging technological development that include
increased efficacy, durability, and a reduction in the amounts
of active ingredients. For seeking environmental safety
measures, use of varied products have been done at different
stages in the product development cycle for enhancing the
efficacy of existing pesticide active ingredients (Kah and
Hofmann 2014).
In some cases, the ENP itself may “drive” the biological
effect (e.g., nanosilver when used as a pesticide where the
active component is the ionic gold that is released from the
ENP). In contrast, in other cases, nanotechnology is used to
protect an active ingredient or enhanced its delivery to the
site of action (Chinnamuthu and Boopathi 2009). Use of
nanoformulation has been also done for enhancing IPM
module bio-pesticides self-life that has the poor self-life as
well as its pesticidal action.
Nanotechnology following “smart field systems” to detect
pathogens and find the application of the use of pesticides is
needed for protection of the environment. By the use of
reduced quantities and targeted the implementation of the
pesticide active ingredient, monitor the effects of pesticides
molecules (Chhipa 2017). Nanotechnology is being used
with the aim to improve plant disease resistance for growth
enhancement and sufficient nutrient utilization, agrochemicals design, and fabrication of nanoplant protection inputs
(herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and pheromone) for
protecting the natural environment. Rather than conventional
agrochemicals, nanoformulations designed more effectively
where nano-encapsulation which shows more benefits, efficient use, and safe handling of pesticides with less exposure
to the environment. With the guarantees for eco-protection
transformation use of nanotechnology has sufficient potential
for genetic manipulation of plants to obtain improved varieties. Within the field of plant pathology, problems and their
protection from plant-pathogen interaction found a way
through nanotechnology-based précised process and product
which capably delivered the nutrients to plant in the
appropriate quantity. As per the laboratory results, it shows
that the nutrient efficiency of nanofertilizer nitrogen (N) increased from 32% in conventional fertilizers to 72% amount
of fertilizers used reduced by half to the amount of grain
being harvested (Chinnamuthu and Boopathi 2009).
Nanopesticides/fertilizers influence the soil–plant system
(Fig. 2) with improvement of an analytical tool for detection
of the transportation system of ENPs in plant–soil system
(Shrivastava et al. 2019).
7 Effects of Plant Exposure to the Gold Metal
Nanoparticle (AuNPs)
The growth and productivity of Brassica juncea (Arora et al.
2012) is studied after spraying the plant with suspensions of
various AuNP concentrations. The particles within plant
tissues were detected by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
The effects of AuNP applications were positive, including
increased stem length and diameter, increased numbers of
leaves and shoots, and improved productivity (Gunjan et al.
2014). The addition of AuNPs to soil used for plant growth
enhanced seed germination in Zea mays (Mahakam et al.
2016) and Pennisetum glaucum (Parveen et al. 2016). Using
synchrotron-based X-ray microanalysis and high-resolution
22
Upinder and R. Kumar