played by the plant vascular system, as well as by plasmodesmata (Koelmel et al. 2013). When AuNPs are sprayed
on seedlings of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. Lanatus
(Thunb.), it enter leaves via stomata and are translocated
from leaves to roots by the phloem transport mechanism
(Raliya et al. 2016). It is complicated to detect phytoplasmas
diseases by using ELISA and PCR test (Sankaran et al.
2010). Although this technique is highly useful, but it is time
Fig. 1 Schematic representation of categorization of nanoparticles based on presence in the whole environment (Adopted and redrawn from
Shrivastava et al. 2019)
Nanotechnology: Advancement for Agricultural Sustainability
21