Nanoparticles (NPs) are categorized based on natural
nanoparticles and engineered nanoparticles which are present in the environment (Fig. 1). Further NPs are categorized
as atmospheric, terrestrial, aquatic, unintentional, and synthesized (Shrivastava et al. 2019). Thus, the nanoformulation
has been nowadays recommended for enhancement of
agro-production increased utility of life-threatening pesticides and fertilizers (Servin et al. 2015) where the water
dissolved fertilizers on the soil surface become unavailable
to plant for its proper utility and that same amount leach off
into the groundwater as a toxic pollutant nanofertilizers used
including metal oxide NPs like Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , CeO 2 , FeO,
ZnO, etc. These metal oxide NPs have been extensively
come into the light while studied under the ENP plant
interaction (Dimkpa 2014; Thwala et al. 2016).
2 Interaction of Engineered Nanoparticles
(ENPs) with Crop Plants
Extensive use of pesticides in agro-production enhancement
and disease control factors results in addition to toxic pollutants into the ecosystem. Nano-pesticides in the form of
encapsulated pesticides act as environmental-friendly factor
with huge potential to control disease-causing pests attack.
Encapsulated pesticides synthesis by matrix coated active
amount of slowly moving pesticides, which inhibit the
accumulation of phytotoxic content in the ecosystem food
chain (Chhipa 2017). Nanofertilizers and nanopesticides not
only act as an environment-friendly factors which provide a
wide array to find and control disease-causing aspects to
getting quality yield crops. However, smart sensors developed by nanotechnology include nanomaterials (NMs),
magnetic NPs, metal NPs (cobalt (Co), silver (Ag), gold
(Au), and quantum dots (QDs)). These metal nanoparticles
have been actively demonstrated for their application such as
gene transformation, where genes of tobacco tissue found as
the best result for tagging with gold nanoparticle (AuNPs)
(Martin-Ortigosa et al. 2014).
3 Engineered Nanoparticles as a Smart
Sensor
Plant tissue culture is a part of nanotechnology technique.
Incorporation of AuNPs into the basal medium results in the
improvement of the higher fraction out of total yield of seed
germination and seedling growth in Arabidopsis thaliana
(Kumar et al. 2014). AuNPs and AgNPs individually and in
combination enhance the callus proliferation of Prunella
vulgaris (Fazal et al. 2016). With a high rate of variation in
both calli and regenerate shoot of AuNPs, it results in the
enhancement of somaclonal variety (Kokina et al. 2013).
Nanomaterials also influence the production of secondary
metabolites during plant tissue culture (Kim et al. 2017).
Nanofabrication and characterization technology understand
plant disease management (Ismail et al. 2017). Recently,
existing green technology enables to reduce potential by
risks with efficiently detecting the diseases and controlling
the pollutants spread by acting as a smart sensor.
4 Detection and Diagnosis of Pathogens
by Nanoparticles
Conventionally, when morphological symptoms appear on
the plant, then pesticides are sprayed on it delayed situation
to protect the plant from pest attack and seek quick remedial
actions for control and protection of the plant from nutritional deficiencies, timely in most of the Indian agricultural
cases (Singh 2008; Mahlein 2016). Thus, under mild
infection condition, detection and plant protection both seem
complicated, so under that situation highly sensitive, precise,
and accurate detection technology follow to develop disease
detection and management strategies that depend on cultural
practices, embryo tests, and examination of infected parts
visually and microscopically (Been 1995). Biochemical
identification of the pathogen is time-consuming method so
for following short way solution and nanotechnology has
proved good with its high potential in the agriculture field
and overcome disease-causing factors. Such advanced initiation will help the agricultural industry to overcome crop
pathogens survival in plants, including virus, bacteria, and
fungus. Nanoparticles have widespread application in disease diagnostic and its control by introducing nano-forms
such as gold (Au), carbon (C), silver (Ag), and silica (Si).
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have found widespread applications in disease diagnostics (Jo et al. 2009; Servin et al.
2015) as well as used for early detection of diseases particularly cancer in humans.
Presently, research field of nanotechnology and analyte
nanoparticles complex, i.e., DNA nanoparticle and antibody
nanoparticle conjugate systems, emerged as a tool for disease diagnosis (Fang and Ramasamy 2015). Nanotechnology and quantum dots (QDs) for detection of plant viral
infections for quarantine and indexing of quality planting
material are the other areas where nanotechnology can be
used in crops in the study of diagnosis host-virus interaction
of crop plants (Sanzari et al. 2019). The disease-causing
agent, especially phytoplasmas, is a unique group of obligate
plant pathogens. The efficacy of tissue penetration of AuNPs
depends not only on the plant species used but also on the
particles’ size and surface charge. Positively charged AuNPs
are well absorbed only by plant roots, whereas negatively
charged AuNPs also can effectively move from roots to
stems and leaves (Li et al. 2016). Some part of this process is
20
Upinder and R. Kumar
nanoparticles and engineered nanoparticles which are present in the environment (Fig. 1). Further NPs are categorized
as atmospheric, terrestrial, aquatic, unintentional, and synthesized (Shrivastava et al. 2019). Thus, the nanoformulation
has been nowadays recommended for enhancement of
agro-production increased utility of life-threatening pesticides and fertilizers (Servin et al. 2015) where the water
dissolved fertilizers on the soil surface become unavailable
to plant for its proper utility and that same amount leach off
into the groundwater as a toxic pollutant nanofertilizers used
including metal oxide NPs like Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , CeO 2 , FeO,
ZnO, etc. These metal oxide NPs have been extensively
come into the light while studied under the ENP plant
interaction (Dimkpa 2014; Thwala et al. 2016).
2 Interaction of Engineered Nanoparticles
(ENPs) with Crop Plants
Extensive use of pesticides in agro-production enhancement
and disease control factors results in addition to toxic pollutants into the ecosystem. Nano-pesticides in the form of
encapsulated pesticides act as environmental-friendly factor
with huge potential to control disease-causing pests attack.
Encapsulated pesticides synthesis by matrix coated active
amount of slowly moving pesticides, which inhibit the
accumulation of phytotoxic content in the ecosystem food
chain (Chhipa 2017). Nanofertilizers and nanopesticides not
only act as an environment-friendly factors which provide a
wide array to find and control disease-causing aspects to
getting quality yield crops. However, smart sensors developed by nanotechnology include nanomaterials (NMs),
magnetic NPs, metal NPs (cobalt (Co), silver (Ag), gold
(Au), and quantum dots (QDs)). These metal nanoparticles
have been actively demonstrated for their application such as
gene transformation, where genes of tobacco tissue found as
the best result for tagging with gold nanoparticle (AuNPs)
(Martin-Ortigosa et al. 2014).
3 Engineered Nanoparticles as a Smart
Sensor
Plant tissue culture is a part of nanotechnology technique.
Incorporation of AuNPs into the basal medium results in the
improvement of the higher fraction out of total yield of seed
germination and seedling growth in Arabidopsis thaliana
(Kumar et al. 2014). AuNPs and AgNPs individually and in
combination enhance the callus proliferation of Prunella
vulgaris (Fazal et al. 2016). With a high rate of variation in
both calli and regenerate shoot of AuNPs, it results in the
enhancement of somaclonal variety (Kokina et al. 2013).
Nanomaterials also influence the production of secondary
metabolites during plant tissue culture (Kim et al. 2017).
Nanofabrication and characterization technology understand
plant disease management (Ismail et al. 2017). Recently,
existing green technology enables to reduce potential by
risks with efficiently detecting the diseases and controlling
the pollutants spread by acting as a smart sensor.
4 Detection and Diagnosis of Pathogens
by Nanoparticles
Conventionally, when morphological symptoms appear on
the plant, then pesticides are sprayed on it delayed situation
to protect the plant from pest attack and seek quick remedial
actions for control and protection of the plant from nutritional deficiencies, timely in most of the Indian agricultural
cases (Singh 2008; Mahlein 2016). Thus, under mild
infection condition, detection and plant protection both seem
complicated, so under that situation highly sensitive, precise,
and accurate detection technology follow to develop disease
detection and management strategies that depend on cultural
practices, embryo tests, and examination of infected parts
visually and microscopically (Been 1995). Biochemical
identification of the pathogen is time-consuming method so
for following short way solution and nanotechnology has
proved good with its high potential in the agriculture field
and overcome disease-causing factors. Such advanced initiation will help the agricultural industry to overcome crop
pathogens survival in plants, including virus, bacteria, and
fungus. Nanoparticles have widespread application in disease diagnostic and its control by introducing nano-forms
such as gold (Au), carbon (C), silver (Ag), and silica (Si).
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have found widespread applications in disease diagnostics (Jo et al. 2009; Servin et al.
2015) as well as used for early detection of diseases particularly cancer in humans.
Presently, research field of nanotechnology and analyte
nanoparticles complex, i.e., DNA nanoparticle and antibody
nanoparticle conjugate systems, emerged as a tool for disease diagnosis (Fang and Ramasamy 2015). Nanotechnology and quantum dots (QDs) for detection of plant viral
infections for quarantine and indexing of quality planting
material are the other areas where nanotechnology can be
used in crops in the study of diagnosis host-virus interaction
of crop plants (Sanzari et al. 2019). The disease-causing
agent, especially phytoplasmas, is a unique group of obligate
plant pathogens. The efficacy of tissue penetration of AuNPs
depends not only on the plant species used but also on the
particles’ size and surface charge. Positively charged AuNPs
are well absorbed only by plant roots, whereas negatively
charged AuNPs also can effectively move from roots to
stems and leaves (Li et al. 2016). Some part of this process is
20
Upinder and R. Kumar