4 Conclusion
The existence of nanoparticles influences aquatic life. ENPs
toxicity can be initiated or mitigated by the occurrence of
chemical stressors and DOM (dissolved organic matter).
This chapter assesses ENPs properties on the aquatic environment with ecotoxic effects due to its event. To improve
nanoparticle risk assessment, there is a need for more
research. Toxicity evaluation needs to be begun on formulations of nanoparticles evaluated involving at least five
species from different trophic levels for extracting the predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) for identifying the
species sensitivities to other species. Moreover, evaluation
of the toxicity to different natural and artificial aquatic and
soil systems should also be performed to demonstrate the
toxicity of nanomaterials at a holistic scale.
Table 1 (continued)
NMs
Compartments
Concentrations
Regions/Countries
References
Ag
Water (ng L
−1 ) 0.87–7.84
Surface water, Europe
Sun et al. (2016)
0–6 Â 10
–4
Seawater, Denmark
Gottschalk et al. (2015)
0–0.044
Freshwater, Denmark
% 1 Â 10
–4
Los Angeles
Liu and Cohen (2014)
0
Seawater
Giese et al. (2018)
0.03–2.79
Freshwater
0.002–0.3
Europe
Dumont et al. (2015)
3.3–58.9
Ireland
O’Brien and Cummins (2010)
0.51–0.94
Europe
Sun et al. (2014)
0.37–0.73
Switzerland
Sun et al. (2014)
2.80–619
Johannesburg, City South
Africa
Musee (2011)
Sediment (mg
kg
−1 )
0–0.016
Freshwater, Denmark
Gottschalk et al. (2015)
0–7 Â 10
–4
Seawater, Denmark
%4 Â 10
–5
Freshwater, Los Angeles
Liu and Cohen (2014)
0.053–0.125
Europe
Sun et al. (2016)
2 Â 10
–5 to 0.47065
Freshwater
Giese et al. 2018)
CNT
Water (ng L
−1 ) 0.1–1.82
Surface water, Europe
Sun et al. (2016)
%0.31
Los Angeles, US
Liu and Cohen (2014)
0.17–0.35
Surface water, Europe
Sun et al. (2014)
0.27–0.56
Surface water, Switzerland Sun et al. (2014)
2 Â 10
–4 -0.015
Freshwater, Denmark
Gottschalk et al. (2015)
2 Â 10
–5 to 2 Â 10
–4
Seawater, Denmark
Sediment (mg
kg
−1 )
1.25 Â 10
–2 to 2.66 Â 10
–2
Europe
Sun et al. (2016)
%0.015
Los Angeles, US
Liu and Cohen (2014)
1 Â 10
–4 to 5.6 Â 10
–3
Freshwater, Denmark
Gottschalk et al. (2015)
0–2 Â 10
–4
Seawater, Denmark
Cu or
CuCO 3
Water (ng L
−1 ) %0.04
Los Angeles, US
Liu and Cohen (2014)
0.02–0.07
Seawater, Denmark
Gottschalk et al. (2015)
0.1–6
Freshwater, Denmark
Sediment (mg
kg
−1 )
%3.5 Â 10
–3
Los Angeles, US
Liu and Cohen (2014)
0.043–2.1
Freshwater, Denmark
Gottschalk et al. (2015)
0.025–0.083
Seawater, Denmark
Nano-toxicity and Aquatic Food Chain
195
The existence of nanoparticles influences aquatic life. ENPs
toxicity can be initiated or mitigated by the occurrence of
chemical stressors and DOM (dissolved organic matter).
This chapter assesses ENPs properties on the aquatic environment with ecotoxic effects due to its event. To improve
nanoparticle risk assessment, there is a need for more
research. Toxicity evaluation needs to be begun on formulations of nanoparticles evaluated involving at least five
species from different trophic levels for extracting the predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) for identifying the
species sensitivities to other species. Moreover, evaluation
of the toxicity to different natural and artificial aquatic and
soil systems should also be performed to demonstrate the
toxicity of nanomaterials at a holistic scale.
Table 1 (continued)
NMs
Compartments
Concentrations
Regions/Countries
References
Ag
Water (ng L
−1 ) 0.87–7.84
Surface water, Europe
Sun et al. (2016)
0–6 Â 10
–4
Seawater, Denmark
Gottschalk et al. (2015)
0–0.044
Freshwater, Denmark
% 1 Â 10
–4
Los Angeles
Liu and Cohen (2014)
0
Seawater
Giese et al. (2018)
0.03–2.79
Freshwater
0.002–0.3
Europe
Dumont et al. (2015)
3.3–58.9
Ireland
O’Brien and Cummins (2010)
0.51–0.94
Europe
Sun et al. (2014)
0.37–0.73
Switzerland
Sun et al. (2014)
2.80–619
Johannesburg, City South
Africa
Musee (2011)
Sediment (mg
kg
−1 )
0–0.016
Freshwater, Denmark
Gottschalk et al. (2015)
0–7 Â 10
–4
Seawater, Denmark
%4 Â 10
–5
Freshwater, Los Angeles
Liu and Cohen (2014)
0.053–0.125
Europe
Sun et al. (2016)
2 Â 10
–5 to 0.47065
Freshwater
Giese et al. 2018)
CNT
Water (ng L
−1 ) 0.1–1.82
Surface water, Europe
Sun et al. (2016)
%0.31
Los Angeles, US
Liu and Cohen (2014)
0.17–0.35
Surface water, Europe
Sun et al. (2014)
0.27–0.56
Surface water, Switzerland Sun et al. (2014)
2 Â 10
–4 -0.015
Freshwater, Denmark
Gottschalk et al. (2015)
2 Â 10
–5 to 2 Â 10
–4
Seawater, Denmark
Sediment (mg
kg
−1 )
1.25 Â 10
–2 to 2.66 Â 10
–2
Europe
Sun et al. (2016)
%0.015
Los Angeles, US
Liu and Cohen (2014)
1 Â 10
–4 to 5.6 Â 10
–3
Freshwater, Denmark
Gottschalk et al. (2015)
0–2 Â 10
–4
Seawater, Denmark
Cu or
CuCO 3
Water (ng L
−1 ) %0.04
Los Angeles, US
Liu and Cohen (2014)
0.02–0.07
Seawater, Denmark
Gottschalk et al. (2015)
0.1–6
Freshwater, Denmark
Sediment (mg
kg
−1 )
%3.5 Â 10
–3
Los Angeles, US
Liu and Cohen (2014)
0.043–2.1
Freshwater, Denmark
Gottschalk et al. (2015)
0.025–0.083
Seawater, Denmark
Nano-toxicity and Aquatic Food Chain
195