The engineering challenges and risks require standardization and hardware adaption (see Sect. 4). It is necessary that all physical assets communicate with the DTMS
in one language. The integration of the DTMS with the automation systems of an
existing plant may require additional often unforeseen efforts, in particular if these
automation systems involve a proprietary solution or are lacking corresponding
interfaces. Increasing the complexity of the systems related to the implementation
of a DTMS is also a challenging task. To minimize risks, integration work must start
very early, so that problems that could arise can be resolved in time. A detailed work
plan must take foreseeable risks into account and provide a suitable buffer in terms of
effort and time.
Commercial issues can include data sharing difficulties with the stakeholders that
are part of the value chain. On the one hand, it offers a high level of synergy effects
and numerous benefits, but on the other hand, information sharing and ownership
could raise some challenging technological issues. In this context, Singh et al. [80]
mainly addressed company policies, the way of thinking of involved stakeholders,
and cultural differences. These difficulties and occurring issues can reduce the
effectiveness and overall benefit. Customs control regulations could also cause
delays and possibly additional costs in delivering the DTMS to the partners. Having
to take into account multiple food safety regulations across the world may exceed not
only the available resources for the project but also the complexity of the solution.
This can be avoided by focusing on highly relevant market segments and/or regions.
Technology challenges may increase costs and implementation time, e.g. for CPS
(cyber-physical system) implementations. An industrial CPS (ICPS) connects the
cyber and virtual world. Notably, the life cycle of ICPS components needs to be
clarified [81]. Often heterogeneous systems need to be integrated using different
technologies; they implement different standards or even have proprietary interfaces.
Moreover, communication or computation bottlenecks may occur when vast
amounts of data are collected from the automation systems. The technical requirements of the new primary framework for the DTMS require detailed planning.
A more fundamental challenge in the DTMS implementation is the data itself.
This requires intensive support through the highly complex and external communication across process and company borders. Secure system integration is a challenge
for any company, especially when interfacing other companies’ systems. Untrusted
interfaced systems outside the company are a security risk. All information exchange
should follow the common policies and possible threats have to be considered. The
information flow should be controlled to limit attack vectors like identity thefts or
privacy and security breaches. Information should also be validated and filtered. A
standardization of the system integration process based on the definition of security
requirements helps reduce these risks.
Internal data security must be redesigned based on these new demands. The
existing systems must be adapted to upcoming or future requirements and to new
security issues [82]. Data access control and even data usage control may be required
when data sovereignty needs to be enforced. It needs to be supported appropriately
by all involved systems. Moreover, the resulting new high-level of networking poses
a particular risk. Data loss can range from image damage to loss of company trade
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R. Werner et al.
in one language. The integration of the DTMS with the automation systems of an
existing plant may require additional often unforeseen efforts, in particular if these
automation systems involve a proprietary solution or are lacking corresponding
interfaces. Increasing the complexity of the systems related to the implementation
of a DTMS is also a challenging task. To minimize risks, integration work must start
very early, so that problems that could arise can be resolved in time. A detailed work
plan must take foreseeable risks into account and provide a suitable buffer in terms of
effort and time.
Commercial issues can include data sharing difficulties with the stakeholders that
are part of the value chain. On the one hand, it offers a high level of synergy effects
and numerous benefits, but on the other hand, information sharing and ownership
could raise some challenging technological issues. In this context, Singh et al. [80]
mainly addressed company policies, the way of thinking of involved stakeholders,
and cultural differences. These difficulties and occurring issues can reduce the
effectiveness and overall benefit. Customs control regulations could also cause
delays and possibly additional costs in delivering the DTMS to the partners. Having
to take into account multiple food safety regulations across the world may exceed not
only the available resources for the project but also the complexity of the solution.
This can be avoided by focusing on highly relevant market segments and/or regions.
Technology challenges may increase costs and implementation time, e.g. for CPS
(cyber-physical system) implementations. An industrial CPS (ICPS) connects the
cyber and virtual world. Notably, the life cycle of ICPS components needs to be
clarified [81]. Often heterogeneous systems need to be integrated using different
technologies; they implement different standards or even have proprietary interfaces.
Moreover, communication or computation bottlenecks may occur when vast
amounts of data are collected from the automation systems. The technical requirements of the new primary framework for the DTMS require detailed planning.
A more fundamental challenge in the DTMS implementation is the data itself.
This requires intensive support through the highly complex and external communication across process and company borders. Secure system integration is a challenge
for any company, especially when interfacing other companies’ systems. Untrusted
interfaced systems outside the company are a security risk. All information exchange
should follow the common policies and possible threats have to be considered. The
information flow should be controlled to limit attack vectors like identity thefts or
privacy and security breaches. Information should also be validated and filtered. A
standardization of the system integration process based on the definition of security
requirements helps reduce these risks.
Internal data security must be redesigned based on these new demands. The
existing systems must be adapted to upcoming or future requirements and to new
security issues [82]. Data access control and even data usage control may be required
when data sovereignty needs to be enforced. It needs to be supported appropriately
by all involved systems. Moreover, the resulting new high-level of networking poses
a particular risk. Data loss can range from image damage to loss of company trade
152
R. Werner et al.