Contents
ix
5 Compositionally Modulated and Multilayered Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.1 On the Electrodeposition of Nanolaminated Materials . . . . . . . . . 133
5.2 Multiple-Bath Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.2.1
Common Features of the Multiple-Bath Methods . . . . . 133
5.2.2
The Sequential Immersion Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5.2.3
Cell Configurations with a Rotating Cathode . . . . . . . . . 138
5.2.4
Bath Change by Using Flow Cells With Multiple
Solution Inlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.3 The Single-Bath Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.3.1
Impact of the Codeposition Mode
of the Components on the Composition
Modulation During Two-Pulse Plating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.3.2
Multilayer Formation with Single-Pulse Plating
and Displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
5.3.3
Multilayer Formation with Various Electrical
Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.3.4
Multilayer Formation with Transport Rate
Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
5.4 Properties of Electrodeposited CMAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.4.1
Composition Variation in Ultrathin
Electrodeposited Alloy Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.4.2
Structural Features of Deposits With Modulated
Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.4.3
Mechanical Properties of Compositionally
Modulated Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
5.4.4
Corrosion Properties of Compositionally
Modulated Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
5.4.5
Magnetic and Magnetoresistance Properties
of Electrodeposited Multilayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
5.4.6
Magneto-ionics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
5.4.7
Annealing Behaviour of Electrodeposited
Multilayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
6 Nanocrystalline Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
6.1 General Considerations Concerning Nanocrystalline
Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
6.1.1
Scope of This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
6.1.2
About the History of the Research
on Nanocrystalline Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
6.1.3
Electrochemical Techniques in the Deposition
of Nanocrystalline Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
6.1.4
Properties of Nanocrystalline Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
6.2 Nanocrystalline Deposits of Metallic Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
6.2.1
Noble Metals: Au, Ag and Pd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192