References
31
55. Kleijn van Willigen FK, van Ommen JR, van Turnhout J, van den Bleek CM (2003) Bubble
size reduction in a fluidized bed by electric fields. Int J Chem React Eng 1:A21
56. Kleijn van Willigen F, van Ommen JR, van Turnhout J, van den Bleek CM (2005) Bubble
size reduction in electric-field-enhanced fluidized beds. J Electrostat 63(6):943–948
57. Kobayashi M, Ramaswami D, Brazelton W (1970) Pulsed-bed approach to fluidization. Chem
Eng Progr Symp Ser 66:47–57
58. Kobayashi N, Yamazaki R, Mori S (2000) A study on the behavior of bubbles and solids in
bubbling fluidized beds. Powder Technol 113(3):327–344
59. Köksal M, Vural H (1998) Bubble size control in a two-dimensional fluidized bed using a
moving double plate distributor. Powder Technol 95(3):205–213
60. Kuipers JAM, van Duin K, van Beckum F, van Swaaij W (1992) A numerical model of
gas-fluidized beds. Chem Eng Sci 47(8):1913–1924
61. Kunii D, Levenspiel O (2013) Fluidization engineering, 2nd edn. Butterworth-Heinemann,
Boston
62. Levenspiel O (2002) G/S reactor models—packed beds, bubbling fluidized beds, turbulent
fluidized beds and circulating (fast) fluidized beds. Powder Technol 122(1):1–9
63. Li F, Kim HR, Sridhar D, Wang F, Zeng L, Chen J, Fan L-S (2009) Syngas chemical
looping gasification process: oxygen carrier particle selection and performance. Energy Fuels
23(8):4182–4189
64. Li J, Aranson I, Kwok W-K, Tsimring L (2003) Periodic and disordered structures in a
modulated gas-driven granular layer. Phys Rev Lett 90(13):134301
65. Li T, Pannala S, Shahnam M (2014) CFD simulations of circulating fluidized bed risers, part
II, evaluation of differences between 2D and 3D simulations. Powder Technol 265:13–22
66. Lin Y-C, Leu L-P (2001) Voidage profiles in magnetically fluidized beds. Powder Technol
120(3):199–215
67. Lindborg H, Lysberg M, Jakobsen HA (2007) Practical validation of the two-fluid model
applied to dense gas–solid flows in fluidized beds. Chem Eng Sci 62(21):5854–5869
68. Lu L, Xu J, Ge W, Yue Y, Liu X, Li J (2014) EMMS-based discrete particle method (EMMS–
DPM) for simulation of gas–solid flows. Chem Eng Sci 120:67–87
69. Luding S, Clément E, Rajchenbach J, Duran J (1996) Simulations of pattern formation in
vibrated granular media. Europhys Lett 36(4):247
70. Lun C, Savage SB, Jeffrey D, Chepurniy N (1984) Kinetic theories for granular flow: inelastic
particles in Couette flow and slightly inelastic particles in a general flowfield. J Fluid Mech
140:223–256
71. Luo Z, Fan M, Zhao Y, Tao X, Chen Q, Chen Z (2008) Density-dependent separation of dry
fine coal in a vibrated fluidized bed. Powder Technol 187(2):119–123
72. Marco E, Santos A, Menéndez M, Santamaría J (1997) Fluidization of agglomerating particles:
influence of the gas temperature and composition on the fluidization of a Li/MgO catalyst.
Powder Technol 92(1):47–52
73. Marring E, Hoffmann AC, Janssen LPBM (1994) The effect of vibration on the fluidization
behaviour of some cohesive powders. Powder Technol 79(1):1–10
74. Massimilla L, Volpicelli G, Raso G (1966) A study on pulsing gas fluidization of beds of
particles. AIChE Symp Ser 62:63–70
75. Maurer S, Wagner EC, van Ommen JR, Schildhauer TJ, Teske SL, Biollaz SMA, Wokaun A,
Mudde RF (2015) Influence of vertical internals on a bubbling fluidized bed characterized by
X-ray tomography. Int J Multiphase Flow 75:237–249
76. Mawatari Y, Tatemoto Y, Noda K (2003) Prediction of minimum fluidization velocity for
vibrated fluidized bed. Powder Technol 131(1):66–70
77. Melo F, Umbanhowar PB, Swinney HL (1994) Transition to parametric wave patterns in a
vertically oscillated granular layer. Phys Rev Lett 72(1):172
78. Melo F, Umbanhowar PB, Swinney HL (1995) Hexagons, kinks, and disorder in oscillated
granular layers. Phys Rev Lett 75(21):3838
79. Metcalf TH, Knight JB, Jaeger HM (1997) Standing wave patterns in shallow beds of vibrated
granular material. Phys A 236(3):202–210
31
55. Kleijn van Willigen FK, van Ommen JR, van Turnhout J, van den Bleek CM (2003) Bubble
size reduction in a fluidized bed by electric fields. Int J Chem React Eng 1:A21
56. Kleijn van Willigen F, van Ommen JR, van Turnhout J, van den Bleek CM (2005) Bubble
size reduction in electric-field-enhanced fluidized beds. J Electrostat 63(6):943–948
57. Kobayashi M, Ramaswami D, Brazelton W (1970) Pulsed-bed approach to fluidization. Chem
Eng Progr Symp Ser 66:47–57
58. Kobayashi N, Yamazaki R, Mori S (2000) A study on the behavior of bubbles and solids in
bubbling fluidized beds. Powder Technol 113(3):327–344
59. Köksal M, Vural H (1998) Bubble size control in a two-dimensional fluidized bed using a
moving double plate distributor. Powder Technol 95(3):205–213
60. Kuipers JAM, van Duin K, van Beckum F, van Swaaij W (1992) A numerical model of
gas-fluidized beds. Chem Eng Sci 47(8):1913–1924
61. Kunii D, Levenspiel O (2013) Fluidization engineering, 2nd edn. Butterworth-Heinemann,
Boston
62. Levenspiel O (2002) G/S reactor models—packed beds, bubbling fluidized beds, turbulent
fluidized beds and circulating (fast) fluidized beds. Powder Technol 122(1):1–9
63. Li F, Kim HR, Sridhar D, Wang F, Zeng L, Chen J, Fan L-S (2009) Syngas chemical
looping gasification process: oxygen carrier particle selection and performance. Energy Fuels
23(8):4182–4189
64. Li J, Aranson I, Kwok W-K, Tsimring L (2003) Periodic and disordered structures in a
modulated gas-driven granular layer. Phys Rev Lett 90(13):134301
65. Li T, Pannala S, Shahnam M (2014) CFD simulations of circulating fluidized bed risers, part
II, evaluation of differences between 2D and 3D simulations. Powder Technol 265:13–22
66. Lin Y-C, Leu L-P (2001) Voidage profiles in magnetically fluidized beds. Powder Technol
120(3):199–215
67. Lindborg H, Lysberg M, Jakobsen HA (2007) Practical validation of the two-fluid model
applied to dense gas–solid flows in fluidized beds. Chem Eng Sci 62(21):5854–5869
68. Lu L, Xu J, Ge W, Yue Y, Liu X, Li J (2014) EMMS-based discrete particle method (EMMS–
DPM) for simulation of gas–solid flows. Chem Eng Sci 120:67–87
69. Luding S, Clément E, Rajchenbach J, Duran J (1996) Simulations of pattern formation in
vibrated granular media. Europhys Lett 36(4):247
70. Lun C, Savage SB, Jeffrey D, Chepurniy N (1984) Kinetic theories for granular flow: inelastic
particles in Couette flow and slightly inelastic particles in a general flowfield. J Fluid Mech
140:223–256
71. Luo Z, Fan M, Zhao Y, Tao X, Chen Q, Chen Z (2008) Density-dependent separation of dry
fine coal in a vibrated fluidized bed. Powder Technol 187(2):119–123
72. Marco E, Santos A, Menéndez M, Santamaría J (1997) Fluidization of agglomerating particles:
influence of the gas temperature and composition on the fluidization of a Li/MgO catalyst.
Powder Technol 92(1):47–52
73. Marring E, Hoffmann AC, Janssen LPBM (1994) The effect of vibration on the fluidization
behaviour of some cohesive powders. Powder Technol 79(1):1–10
74. Massimilla L, Volpicelli G, Raso G (1966) A study on pulsing gas fluidization of beds of
particles. AIChE Symp Ser 62:63–70
75. Maurer S, Wagner EC, van Ommen JR, Schildhauer TJ, Teske SL, Biollaz SMA, Wokaun A,
Mudde RF (2015) Influence of vertical internals on a bubbling fluidized bed characterized by
X-ray tomography. Int J Multiphase Flow 75:237–249
76. Mawatari Y, Tatemoto Y, Noda K (2003) Prediction of minimum fluidization velocity for
vibrated fluidized bed. Powder Technol 131(1):66–70
77. Melo F, Umbanhowar PB, Swinney HL (1994) Transition to parametric wave patterns in a
vertically oscillated granular layer. Phys Rev Lett 72(1):172
78. Melo F, Umbanhowar PB, Swinney HL (1995) Hexagons, kinks, and disorder in oscillated
granular layers. Phys Rev Lett 75(21):3838
79. Metcalf TH, Knight JB, Jaeger HM (1997) Standing wave patterns in shallow beds of vibrated
granular material. Phys A 236(3):202–210