Chapter 2
Water Reclamation and Reuse
for Environmental Conservation
Nazih K. Shammas, Lawrence K. Wang, and Mu-Hao Sung Wang
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2 Flotation/Filtration Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3 Two-Stage Flotation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4 Treatment of Primary Municipal Effluent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5 Treatment of Raw Municipal Wastewater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6 Treatment of Activated Sludge Effluent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
7 Treatment of RBC Effluent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
8 Treatment of Trickling Filter Effluent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
9 Treatment of Lagoons Effluent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
10 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Abstract The strategy for long-term planning and management of water resources
is more and more being based on the renovation and utilization of wastewater for use
in agricultural and landscape irrigation as well as in industrial production. Conventional wastewater treatment, even when it is economically feasible, is costly because
of biosolids handling and tertiary sedimentation tanks. A newly developed flotation/
filtration cell is an advanced water clarification package plant, using a combination
of chemical flocculation, dissolved air flotation (DAF), and rapid granular filtration
in one unit. The average processing time from start to finish is less than 15 min. This
innovation replaces a conventional process requiring five separate tanks with a
single, compact, and cheaper unit. The aim of this chapter is to discuss six applications that illustrate the versatility and effectiveness of the flotation/filtration cell, to
demonstrate the performance of the compact unit in secondary and tertiary treatment
of various wastewater effluents, and to illustrate the system’s usefulness for wastewater reclamation, recycling, and reuse.
N. K. Shammas · L. K. Wang (*) · M.-H. S. Wang
Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Newtonville, NY, USA
Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, MA, USA
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
L. K. Wang, M. -H. S. Wang, Y. -T. Hung, N. K. Shammas (eds.),
Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Handbook of Environmental
Engineering 19, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54626-7_2
53
Water Reclamation and Reuse
for Environmental Conservation
Nazih K. Shammas, Lawrence K. Wang, and Mu-Hao Sung Wang
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2 Flotation/Filtration Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3 Two-Stage Flotation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4 Treatment of Primary Municipal Effluent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5 Treatment of Raw Municipal Wastewater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6 Treatment of Activated Sludge Effluent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
7 Treatment of RBC Effluent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
8 Treatment of Trickling Filter Effluent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
9 Treatment of Lagoons Effluent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
10 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Abstract The strategy for long-term planning and management of water resources
is more and more being based on the renovation and utilization of wastewater for use
in agricultural and landscape irrigation as well as in industrial production. Conventional wastewater treatment, even when it is economically feasible, is costly because
of biosolids handling and tertiary sedimentation tanks. A newly developed flotation/
filtration cell is an advanced water clarification package plant, using a combination
of chemical flocculation, dissolved air flotation (DAF), and rapid granular filtration
in one unit. The average processing time from start to finish is less than 15 min. This
innovation replaces a conventional process requiring five separate tanks with a
single, compact, and cheaper unit. The aim of this chapter is to discuss six applications that illustrate the versatility and effectiveness of the flotation/filtration cell, to
demonstrate the performance of the compact unit in secondary and tertiary treatment
of various wastewater effluents, and to illustrate the system’s usefulness for wastewater reclamation, recycling, and reuse.
N. K. Shammas · L. K. Wang (*) · M.-H. S. Wang
Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Newtonville, NY, USA
Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, MA, USA
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
L. K. Wang, M. -H. S. Wang, Y. -T. Hung, N. K. Shammas (eds.),
Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Handbook of Environmental
Engineering 19, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54626-7_2
53