Keywords Flotation-filtration cell · Flotation cell · Package treatment plant ·
Wastewater renovation · Recycling · Reuse · Dissolved air flotation · DAF ·
Flotation-filtration · DAFF · Two-stage DAF · Primary flotation clarification ·
Secondary flotation clarification
Acronym
BOD
Biochemical oxygen demand
COD
Chemical oxygen demand
DAF
Dissolved air flotation
DAFF
Dissolved air flotation and filtration
F-Cell
Dissolved air flotation cell or DAF
FF-Cell Dissolved air flotation and filtration cell or DAFF
MGD
Million gallons per day
PAC
Polyaluminum chloride
RBC
Rotating biological contactor
STP
Sewage treatment plant
TSS
Total suspended solids
1 Introduction
In many parts of the world, the limited availability of both ground and fresh surface
waters makes it imperative to conserve water and to utilize every drop of available
wastewater for reuse in beneficial purposes. The strategy for long-term planning and
management of water resources is more and more being based on the renovation and
utilization of wastewater for use in agricultural and landscape irrigation as well as in
industrial production.
Water quality standards or guidelines have been initiated in many states and
regions in order to protect public health, prevent nuisance conditions, and preclude
damage to crops, soils, and groundwater. Risk-based wastewater reclamation criteria
often require full tertiary treatment, especially in applications, which have high
potential exposure such as in using the reclaimed water for unrestricted irrigation
[1–5]. Conventional full tertiary treatment consists of a train of multiple processes,
which include rapid mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, and granular filtration in
addition to disinfection [2, 3, 6]. Such processing, even when it is economically
feasible, is costly because of biosolids handling and tertiary sedimentation tanks
[6, 7]. Thus, research has been directed toward developing an innovative alternative
capable of producing a comparatively highly clarified effluent [8–14].
A newly developed flotation/filtration cell (FF-Cell) is an advanced water clarification package plant, using a combination of chemical flocculation [15], dissolved
air flotation (DAF) [8], and rapid granular filtration [6] in one unit. The average
processing time from start to finish is less than 15 min. The unique compact and
54
N. K. Shammas et al.
Wastewater renovation · Recycling · Reuse · Dissolved air flotation · DAF ·
Flotation-filtration · DAFF · Two-stage DAF · Primary flotation clarification ·
Secondary flotation clarification
Acronym
BOD
Biochemical oxygen demand
COD
Chemical oxygen demand
DAF
Dissolved air flotation
DAFF
Dissolved air flotation and filtration
F-Cell
Dissolved air flotation cell or DAF
FF-Cell Dissolved air flotation and filtration cell or DAFF
MGD
Million gallons per day
PAC
Polyaluminum chloride
RBC
Rotating biological contactor
STP
Sewage treatment plant
TSS
Total suspended solids
1 Introduction
In many parts of the world, the limited availability of both ground and fresh surface
waters makes it imperative to conserve water and to utilize every drop of available
wastewater for reuse in beneficial purposes. The strategy for long-term planning and
management of water resources is more and more being based on the renovation and
utilization of wastewater for use in agricultural and landscape irrigation as well as in
industrial production.
Water quality standards or guidelines have been initiated in many states and
regions in order to protect public health, prevent nuisance conditions, and preclude
damage to crops, soils, and groundwater. Risk-based wastewater reclamation criteria
often require full tertiary treatment, especially in applications, which have high
potential exposure such as in using the reclaimed water for unrestricted irrigation
[1–5]. Conventional full tertiary treatment consists of a train of multiple processes,
which include rapid mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, and granular filtration in
addition to disinfection [2, 3, 6]. Such processing, even when it is economically
feasible, is costly because of biosolids handling and tertiary sedimentation tanks
[6, 7]. Thus, research has been directed toward developing an innovative alternative
capable of producing a comparatively highly clarified effluent [8–14].
A newly developed flotation/filtration cell (FF-Cell) is an advanced water clarification package plant, using a combination of chemical flocculation [15], dissolved
air flotation (DAF) [8], and rapid granular filtration [6] in one unit. The average
processing time from start to finish is less than 15 min. The unique compact and
54
N. K. Shammas et al.