El-Sharaky AS, Newairy AA, Elguindy NM, Elwafa AA (2010) Spermatotoxicity, biochemical
changes and histological alteration induced by gossypol in testicular and hepatic tissues of male
rats. Food Chem Toxicol 48(12):3354–3361
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2009) Gossypol as undesirable substance in animal feedScientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. EFSA J 7(1):908
FAOSTAT (2018). Data available from: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#search/Cottonseed.
Accessed 2 Mar 2019
Fornes MW, Barbieri AM, Burgos MH (1993) Sperm motility loss induced by gossypol: relation
with OH. scavengers, motile stimulators and malondialdehyde production. Biochem Biophys
Res Commun 195(3):1289–1293
Frey M (2018) Cottonseed oil nutrition facts-calories, carbs, and health benefits of cottonseed oil.
https://www.verywellfit.com/cottonseed-oil-nutrition-facts-calories-carbs-and-health-benefits4165691. Accessed 22 Feb 2019
Gadelha ICN, Fonseca NBS, Oloris SCS, Melo MM, Soto-Blanco B (2014) Gossypol toxicity from
cottonseed products. Sci World J 2014:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/231635
Gadelha ICN, Lima MA, Melo MM, Soto-Blanco B (2016) Gossypol promotes the degeneration of
chicken ovarian follicles in vitro. Braz J Poult Sci 18(3):505–510
Gao D, Cao Y, Li H (2010) Antioxidant activity of peptide fractions derived from cottonseed
protein hydrolysate. J Sci Food Agric 90:1855–1860. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4024
Gilani GS, Lee N (2003) Protein: sources of food-grade protein. In: Caballero B (ed) Encyclopedia
of food sciences and nutrition, 2nd edn. Academic Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 4873–4879.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-227055-X/00834-8
Gu Y, Anderson NO (1985) Effects of gossypol on the estrous cycle and ovarian weight in the rat.
Contraception 32(5):491–496
Gunstone F (2001) Vegetable oils in food technology: composition, properties and uses. Wiley,
Chichester, West Sussex
Han YW (1988) Removal of phytic acid from soybean and cottonseed meals. J Agric Food Chem
36(6):1181–1183
Harris WS, Mozafarian D, Rimm E, Kris-Etherton P, Rudel LL, Appel LJ, Engler MM, Sacks F
(2011) Omega-6 fatty acids and risk for cardiovascular disease: a science advisory from the
American Heart Association Nutrition Subcommittee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical
Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation 119:902–907
Haschek WM, Beasley V, Buck WB, Finnell JH (1989) Cottonseed meal (gossypol) toxicosis in a
swine herd. J Am Vet Med Assoc 195(5):613–615
He Z, Zhang H, Olk DC (2015) Chemical composition of defatted cottonseed and soy meal
products. PLoS One 10(6):e0129933
Hendra R, Ahmad S, Sukari A, Shukor MY, Oskoueian E (2011) Flavonoid analyses and antimicrobial activity of various parts of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl fruit. Int J Mol Sci 12
(6):3422–3431
Henry GE, Momin RA, Nair MG, Dewitt DL (2002) Antioxidant and cyclooxygenase activities of
fatty acids found in food. J Agric Food Chem 50(8):2231–2234
Hron RJ, Kim HL, Calhoun MC, Fisher GS (1999) Determination of (+)-,(À)-, and total gossypol in
cottonseed by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Am Oil Chem Soc 76
(11):1351–1355
Hu YF, Chang CJG, Brueggemeier RW, Lin YC (1993) Gossypol inhibits basal and estrogenstimulated DNA synthesis in human breast carcinoma cells. Life Sci 53(25):PL433–PL438
Huang KH, Ravindran V, Li X, Ravindran G, Bryden WL (2007) Apparent ileal digestibility of
amino acids in feed ingredients determined with broilers and layers. J Sci Food Agric 87
(1):47–53
Huang YW, Wan LS, Dowd MK, Wan PJ, Lin YC (2009) (-)-Gossypol reduces invasiveness in
metastatic prostate cancer cells. Anticancer Res 29(6):2179–2188
3 Cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum)
8 9
changes and histological alteration induced by gossypol in testicular and hepatic tissues of male
rats. Food Chem Toxicol 48(12):3354–3361
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2009) Gossypol as undesirable substance in animal feedScientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. EFSA J 7(1):908
FAOSTAT (2018). Data available from: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#search/Cottonseed.
Accessed 2 Mar 2019
Fornes MW, Barbieri AM, Burgos MH (1993) Sperm motility loss induced by gossypol: relation
with OH. scavengers, motile stimulators and malondialdehyde production. Biochem Biophys
Res Commun 195(3):1289–1293
Frey M (2018) Cottonseed oil nutrition facts-calories, carbs, and health benefits of cottonseed oil.
https://www.verywellfit.com/cottonseed-oil-nutrition-facts-calories-carbs-and-health-benefits4165691. Accessed 22 Feb 2019
Gadelha ICN, Fonseca NBS, Oloris SCS, Melo MM, Soto-Blanco B (2014) Gossypol toxicity from
cottonseed products. Sci World J 2014:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/231635
Gadelha ICN, Lima MA, Melo MM, Soto-Blanco B (2016) Gossypol promotes the degeneration of
chicken ovarian follicles in vitro. Braz J Poult Sci 18(3):505–510
Gao D, Cao Y, Li H (2010) Antioxidant activity of peptide fractions derived from cottonseed
protein hydrolysate. J Sci Food Agric 90:1855–1860. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4024
Gilani GS, Lee N (2003) Protein: sources of food-grade protein. In: Caballero B (ed) Encyclopedia
of food sciences and nutrition, 2nd edn. Academic Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 4873–4879.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-227055-X/00834-8
Gu Y, Anderson NO (1985) Effects of gossypol on the estrous cycle and ovarian weight in the rat.
Contraception 32(5):491–496
Gunstone F (2001) Vegetable oils in food technology: composition, properties and uses. Wiley,
Chichester, West Sussex
Han YW (1988) Removal of phytic acid from soybean and cottonseed meals. J Agric Food Chem
36(6):1181–1183
Harris WS, Mozafarian D, Rimm E, Kris-Etherton P, Rudel LL, Appel LJ, Engler MM, Sacks F
(2011) Omega-6 fatty acids and risk for cardiovascular disease: a science advisory from the
American Heart Association Nutrition Subcommittee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical
Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation 119:902–907
Haschek WM, Beasley V, Buck WB, Finnell JH (1989) Cottonseed meal (gossypol) toxicosis in a
swine herd. J Am Vet Med Assoc 195(5):613–615
He Z, Zhang H, Olk DC (2015) Chemical composition of defatted cottonseed and soy meal
products. PLoS One 10(6):e0129933
Hendra R, Ahmad S, Sukari A, Shukor MY, Oskoueian E (2011) Flavonoid analyses and antimicrobial activity of various parts of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl fruit. Int J Mol Sci 12
(6):3422–3431
Henry GE, Momin RA, Nair MG, Dewitt DL (2002) Antioxidant and cyclooxygenase activities of
fatty acids found in food. J Agric Food Chem 50(8):2231–2234
Hron RJ, Kim HL, Calhoun MC, Fisher GS (1999) Determination of (+)-,(À)-, and total gossypol in
cottonseed by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Am Oil Chem Soc 76
(11):1351–1355
Hu YF, Chang CJG, Brueggemeier RW, Lin YC (1993) Gossypol inhibits basal and estrogenstimulated DNA synthesis in human breast carcinoma cells. Life Sci 53(25):PL433–PL438
Huang KH, Ravindran V, Li X, Ravindran G, Bryden WL (2007) Apparent ileal digestibility of
amino acids in feed ingredients determined with broilers and layers. J Sci Food Agric 87
(1):47–53
Huang YW, Wan LS, Dowd MK, Wan PJ, Lin YC (2009) (-)-Gossypol reduces invasiveness in
metastatic prostate cancer cells. Anticancer Res 29(6):2179–2188
3 Cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum)
8 9