Guzik T, Korbut R, Adamek-Guzik T (2003) Nitric oxide and superoxide in inflammation. J Physiol
Pharmacol 54(4):469–487
Gyulai J. Market outlook for safflower. In: proceedings of north American safflower conference,
Great Falls, Montana, January, 1996. pp 17–18
Hall Iii C (2016) Overview of the oilseed safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Ref Module Food Sci.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.00030-5
Hamrouni-Sellami I, Salah HB, Kchouk ME, Marzouk B (2007) Variations in phytosterol composition during the ripening of Tunisian safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds. Pak J Biol Sci
10:3829–3834
Higa R, White V, Martinez N, Kurtz M, Capobianco E, Jawerbaum A (2010) Safflower and olive oil
dietary treatments rescue aberrant embryonic arachidonic acid and nitric oxide metabolism and
prevent diabetic embryopathy in rats. Mol Hum Reprod 16(4):286–295
Huang J, Yang J, Guan L, Yi S, Du L, Tian H, Guo Y, Zhai F, Lu Z, Li H (2017) Expression of
bioactive recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 10 in Carthamus tinctorius L. seeds.
Protein Expr Purif 138:7–12
Hwang E-Y, Yu M-H, Jung Y-S, Lee S-P, Shon JH, Lee S-O (2016) Defatted safflower seed extract
inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and improves lipid profiles in C57BL/6J Ob/Ob
mice fed a high-fat diet. Nutr Res 36(9):995–1003
Ihara-Watanabe M, Umekawa H, Takahashi T, Furuichi Y (2000) Comparative effects of safflower
oil and perilla oil on serum and hepatic lipid levels, fatty acid compositions of serum and hepatic
phospholipids, and hepatic mRNA expressions of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase,
LDL receptor, and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase in young and adult rats. Food Res Int 33
(10):893–900
Jang H-O, Park Y-S, Lee J-H, Seo J-B, Koo K-I, Jeong S-C, Jin S-D, Lee Y-H, Eom H-S, Yun I
(2007) Effect of extracts from safflower seeds on osteoblast differentiation and intracellular
calcium ion concentration in MC3T3-E1 cells. Nat Prod Res 21(9):787–797
Anderson JJB, Garner SC (1997) The effects of phytoestrogens on bone. Nutr Res 17
(10):1617–1632
Jin Q, Shan L, Yue J, Wang X (2008) Spectrophotometric determination of total serotonin
derivatives in the safflower seeds with Ehrlich’s reagent and the underlying color reaction
mechanism. Food Chem 108(2):779–783
Jo A-R, Han H-S, Seo S, Shin J-S, Lee JY, Kim HJ, Lee K-T (2017) Inhibitory effect of
moschamine isolated from Carthamus tinctorius on LPS-induced inflammatory mediators via
AP-1 and STAT1/3 inactivation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 27
(23):5245–5251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.10.035
Jun MS, Ha YM, Kim HS, Jang HJ, Kim YM, Lee YS, Kim HJ, Seo HG, Lee JH, Lee SH (2011)
Anti-inflammatory action of methanol extract of Carthamus tinctorius involves in heme
oxygenase-1 induction. J Ethnopharmacol 133(2):524–530
Kang G-H, Chang E-J, Park S-W (1999) Antioxidative activity of phenolic compounds in roasted
safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds. Prev Nutr Food Sci 4(4):221–225
Kang K, Park S, Kim YS, Lee S, Back K (2009) Biosynthesis and biotechnological production of
serotonin derivatives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 83(1):27–34
Katsuda S-I, Suzuki K, Koyama N, Takahashi M, Miyake M, Hazama A, Takazawa K (2009)
Safflower seed polyphenols (N-(p-coumaroyl) serotonin and N-feruloylserotonin) ameliorate
atherosclerosis and distensibility of the aortic wall in Kurosawa and Kusanagihypercholesterolemic (KHC) rabbits. Hypertens Res 32(11):944–949
Khalid N, Khan RS, Hussain MI, Farooq M, Ahmad A, Ahmed I (2017) A comprehensive
characterisation of safflower oil for its potential applications as a bioactive food ingredient-a
review. Trends Food Sci Technol 66:176–186
Kim D-H, Hwang E-Y, Son J-H (2013) Anti-inflammatory activity of Carthamus tinctorious seed
extracts in raw 264.7 cells. J Life Sci 23(1):55–62
450
M. Nazir et al.
Pharmacol 54(4):469–487
Gyulai J. Market outlook for safflower. In: proceedings of north American safflower conference,
Great Falls, Montana, January, 1996. pp 17–18
Hall Iii C (2016) Overview of the oilseed safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Ref Module Food Sci.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.00030-5
Hamrouni-Sellami I, Salah HB, Kchouk ME, Marzouk B (2007) Variations in phytosterol composition during the ripening of Tunisian safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds. Pak J Biol Sci
10:3829–3834
Higa R, White V, Martinez N, Kurtz M, Capobianco E, Jawerbaum A (2010) Safflower and olive oil
dietary treatments rescue aberrant embryonic arachidonic acid and nitric oxide metabolism and
prevent diabetic embryopathy in rats. Mol Hum Reprod 16(4):286–295
Huang J, Yang J, Guan L, Yi S, Du L, Tian H, Guo Y, Zhai F, Lu Z, Li H (2017) Expression of
bioactive recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 10 in Carthamus tinctorius L. seeds.
Protein Expr Purif 138:7–12
Hwang E-Y, Yu M-H, Jung Y-S, Lee S-P, Shon JH, Lee S-O (2016) Defatted safflower seed extract
inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and improves lipid profiles in C57BL/6J Ob/Ob
mice fed a high-fat diet. Nutr Res 36(9):995–1003
Ihara-Watanabe M, Umekawa H, Takahashi T, Furuichi Y (2000) Comparative effects of safflower
oil and perilla oil on serum and hepatic lipid levels, fatty acid compositions of serum and hepatic
phospholipids, and hepatic mRNA expressions of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase,
LDL receptor, and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase in young and adult rats. Food Res Int 33
(10):893–900
Jang H-O, Park Y-S, Lee J-H, Seo J-B, Koo K-I, Jeong S-C, Jin S-D, Lee Y-H, Eom H-S, Yun I
(2007) Effect of extracts from safflower seeds on osteoblast differentiation and intracellular
calcium ion concentration in MC3T3-E1 cells. Nat Prod Res 21(9):787–797
Anderson JJB, Garner SC (1997) The effects of phytoestrogens on bone. Nutr Res 17
(10):1617–1632
Jin Q, Shan L, Yue J, Wang X (2008) Spectrophotometric determination of total serotonin
derivatives in the safflower seeds with Ehrlich’s reagent and the underlying color reaction
mechanism. Food Chem 108(2):779–783
Jo A-R, Han H-S, Seo S, Shin J-S, Lee JY, Kim HJ, Lee K-T (2017) Inhibitory effect of
moschamine isolated from Carthamus tinctorius on LPS-induced inflammatory mediators via
AP-1 and STAT1/3 inactivation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 27
(23):5245–5251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.10.035
Jun MS, Ha YM, Kim HS, Jang HJ, Kim YM, Lee YS, Kim HJ, Seo HG, Lee JH, Lee SH (2011)
Anti-inflammatory action of methanol extract of Carthamus tinctorius involves in heme
oxygenase-1 induction. J Ethnopharmacol 133(2):524–530
Kang G-H, Chang E-J, Park S-W (1999) Antioxidative activity of phenolic compounds in roasted
safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds. Prev Nutr Food Sci 4(4):221–225
Kang K, Park S, Kim YS, Lee S, Back K (2009) Biosynthesis and biotechnological production of
serotonin derivatives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 83(1):27–34
Katsuda S-I, Suzuki K, Koyama N, Takahashi M, Miyake M, Hazama A, Takazawa K (2009)
Safflower seed polyphenols (N-(p-coumaroyl) serotonin and N-feruloylserotonin) ameliorate
atherosclerosis and distensibility of the aortic wall in Kurosawa and Kusanagihypercholesterolemic (KHC) rabbits. Hypertens Res 32(11):944–949
Khalid N, Khan RS, Hussain MI, Farooq M, Ahmad A, Ahmed I (2017) A comprehensive
characterisation of safflower oil for its potential applications as a bioactive food ingredient-a
review. Trends Food Sci Technol 66:176–186
Kim D-H, Hwang E-Y, Son J-H (2013) Anti-inflammatory activity of Carthamus tinctorious seed
extracts in raw 264.7 cells. J Life Sci 23(1):55–62
450
M. Nazir et al.