Bae C-S, Park C-H, Cho H-J, Han H-J, Kang S-S, Choi S-H, Uhm C-S (2002a) Therapeutic effects
of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed powder on osteoporosis. Appl Microscopy 32
(3):285–290
Bae S-J, Sun-Mi Shim Y-JP, Lee J-Y, Chang E-J, Choi S-W (2002b) Cytotoxicity of phenolic
compounds isolated from seeds of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) on cancer cell lines. Food
Sci. Biotechnol 11:140–146
Bozan B, Temelli F (2008) Chemical composition and oxidative stability of flax, safflower and
poppy seed and seed oils. Bioresour Technol 99(14):6354–6359
Chang J-M, Hung L-M, Chyan Y-J, Cheng C-M (2011) Wu R-Y (2011) Carthamus tinctorius
enhances the antitumor activity of dendritic cell vaccines via polarization toward Th1 cytokines
and increase of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011:274858.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nen068
Cho S-H, Choi S-W, Choi Y-S, Kim H-J, Park Y-H, Bae Y-C, Lee W-J (2007) Effect of ethanol
extract of safflower seed on bone loss in ovariectomized rat. Food Sci Biotechnol 16(3):392–397
Cho S-H, Choi S-W, Choi Y, Lee W-J (2000) Effects of defatted safflower and perilla seed powders
on lipid metabolism in ovariectomized female rats fed high cholesterol diets. J Kor Soc Food Sci
Nutr 30(1):112–118
Cho S-H, Jang J-H, Yoon JY, Han C-D, Choi Y, Choi S-W (2011) Effects of a safflower tea
supplement on antioxidative status and bone markers in postmenopausal women. Nutr Res Pract
5(1):20–27
Cho S-H, Lee H-R, T-B KIM, Choi S-W, Lee W-J, Choi Y (2004) Effects of defatted safflower seed
extract and phenolic compounds in diet on plasma and liver lipid in ovariectomized rats fed
high-cholesterol diets. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 50(1):32–37
Cho W, Nam J-W, Kang H-J, Windono T, Seo E-K, Lee K-T (2009) Zedoarondiol isolated from the
rhizoma of Curcuma heyneana is involved in the inhibition of iNOS, COX-2 and
pro-inflammatory cytokines via the downregulation of NF-κB pathway in LPS-stimulated
murine macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 9(9):1049–1057
Choi J-H, Lim S-K, Kim D-I, Park M-J, Kim Y-K, Lee A-C, Kim Y-M, Yang S-J, Park J-H (2017)
Safflower bud inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and prevents bone loss in
ovariectomized mice. Phytomedicine 34:6–13
Chung S, Choi H, Chung M, Ahn M, Yoo T, Rheu H, Yang J (1999) Effects of safflower seed on the
fracture healing in rat tibia. Yakhak Hoeji 43(4):526–534
Chyu K-Y, Yano J, Li X, Zhou J, Lio WM, Chan C, Dimayuga PC, Cercek B, Nykiforuk CL, Shen
Y (2010) Safflower seed-derived des-1, 2-apoA1Milano reduces atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein e (À/À) mice. J Am Coll Cardiol 55(10):A50.E478
Dixon RA (2004) Phytoestrogens. Annu Rev Plant Biol 55:225–261
Draper CR, Edel MJ, Dick IM, Randall AG, Martin GB, Prince RL (1997) Phytoestrogens reduce
bone loss and bone resorption in oophorectomized rats. J Nutr 127(9):1795–1799
Dschaak C, Eun J-S, Young A, Bergman J (2010) Nutritive merits of whole Nutrasaff safflower
seed when fed to Holstein dairy cows during midlactation. Anim Feed Sci Technol 156
(1):26–36
Emongor V (2010) Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) the underutilized and neglected crop: a
review. Asian J Plant Sci 9(6):299–306
Fischer JJ, Nykiforuk CL, Chen X, Shen Y, Zaplachinksi S, Murray EW, Kuhlman P, Chen R,
Harry I, Boothe JG (2014) Delayed oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids encapsulated in
safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) oil bodies. Int J Eng Sci Innov Technol 3:512–522
Floyd AG (1999) Top ten considerations in the development of parenteral emulsions. Pharm Sci
Technol Today 2(4):134–143
Gambacorta G, Leone A, Cazzato E Seed composition of some safflower cultivars tested in South
Italy. In: proceedings of the IVth international safflower conference. Bari, Italy, 1997. pp
353–356
Goodman DH (1964) Safflower: utilization and significance in nutrition and allergy. J Allergy 35
(1):38–42
17 Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) Seed
449
of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed powder on osteoporosis. Appl Microscopy 32
(3):285–290
Bae S-J, Sun-Mi Shim Y-JP, Lee J-Y, Chang E-J, Choi S-W (2002b) Cytotoxicity of phenolic
compounds isolated from seeds of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) on cancer cell lines. Food
Sci. Biotechnol 11:140–146
Bozan B, Temelli F (2008) Chemical composition and oxidative stability of flax, safflower and
poppy seed and seed oils. Bioresour Technol 99(14):6354–6359
Chang J-M, Hung L-M, Chyan Y-J, Cheng C-M (2011) Wu R-Y (2011) Carthamus tinctorius
enhances the antitumor activity of dendritic cell vaccines via polarization toward Th1 cytokines
and increase of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011:274858.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nen068
Cho S-H, Choi S-W, Choi Y-S, Kim H-J, Park Y-H, Bae Y-C, Lee W-J (2007) Effect of ethanol
extract of safflower seed on bone loss in ovariectomized rat. Food Sci Biotechnol 16(3):392–397
Cho S-H, Choi S-W, Choi Y, Lee W-J (2000) Effects of defatted safflower and perilla seed powders
on lipid metabolism in ovariectomized female rats fed high cholesterol diets. J Kor Soc Food Sci
Nutr 30(1):112–118
Cho S-H, Jang J-H, Yoon JY, Han C-D, Choi Y, Choi S-W (2011) Effects of a safflower tea
supplement on antioxidative status and bone markers in postmenopausal women. Nutr Res Pract
5(1):20–27
Cho S-H, Lee H-R, T-B KIM, Choi S-W, Lee W-J, Choi Y (2004) Effects of defatted safflower seed
extract and phenolic compounds in diet on plasma and liver lipid in ovariectomized rats fed
high-cholesterol diets. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 50(1):32–37
Cho W, Nam J-W, Kang H-J, Windono T, Seo E-K, Lee K-T (2009) Zedoarondiol isolated from the
rhizoma of Curcuma heyneana is involved in the inhibition of iNOS, COX-2 and
pro-inflammatory cytokines via the downregulation of NF-κB pathway in LPS-stimulated
murine macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 9(9):1049–1057
Choi J-H, Lim S-K, Kim D-I, Park M-J, Kim Y-K, Lee A-C, Kim Y-M, Yang S-J, Park J-H (2017)
Safflower bud inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and prevents bone loss in
ovariectomized mice. Phytomedicine 34:6–13
Chung S, Choi H, Chung M, Ahn M, Yoo T, Rheu H, Yang J (1999) Effects of safflower seed on the
fracture healing in rat tibia. Yakhak Hoeji 43(4):526–534
Chyu K-Y, Yano J, Li X, Zhou J, Lio WM, Chan C, Dimayuga PC, Cercek B, Nykiforuk CL, Shen
Y (2010) Safflower seed-derived des-1, 2-apoA1Milano reduces atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein e (À/À) mice. J Am Coll Cardiol 55(10):A50.E478
Dixon RA (2004) Phytoestrogens. Annu Rev Plant Biol 55:225–261
Draper CR, Edel MJ, Dick IM, Randall AG, Martin GB, Prince RL (1997) Phytoestrogens reduce
bone loss and bone resorption in oophorectomized rats. J Nutr 127(9):1795–1799
Dschaak C, Eun J-S, Young A, Bergman J (2010) Nutritive merits of whole Nutrasaff safflower
seed when fed to Holstein dairy cows during midlactation. Anim Feed Sci Technol 156
(1):26–36
Emongor V (2010) Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) the underutilized and neglected crop: a
review. Asian J Plant Sci 9(6):299–306
Fischer JJ, Nykiforuk CL, Chen X, Shen Y, Zaplachinksi S, Murray EW, Kuhlman P, Chen R,
Harry I, Boothe JG (2014) Delayed oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids encapsulated in
safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) oil bodies. Int J Eng Sci Innov Technol 3:512–522
Floyd AG (1999) Top ten considerations in the development of parenteral emulsions. Pharm Sci
Technol Today 2(4):134–143
Gambacorta G, Leone A, Cazzato E Seed composition of some safflower cultivars tested in South
Italy. In: proceedings of the IVth international safflower conference. Bari, Italy, 1997. pp
353–356
Goodman DH (1964) Safflower: utilization and significance in nutrition and allergy. J Allergy 35
(1):38–42
17 Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) Seed
449