FDA (2016). https://www.fda.gov/media/99226/download. Accessed 15 October 2019
Fewtrell MS, Abbott RA, Kennedy K, Singhal A, Morley R, Caine E, Jamieson C, Cockburn F,
Lucas A (2004) Randomized, double-blind trial of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid
supplementation with fish oil and borage oil in preterm infants. J Pediatr 144(4):471–479
Foster RH, Hardy G, Alany RG (2010) Borage oil in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Nutrition 26
(7–8):708–718
Fujii M, Nakashima H, Tomozawa J, Shimazaki Y, Ohyanagi C, Kawaguchi N, Ohya S, Kohno S,
Nabe T (2013) Deficiency of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids is mainly responsible for atopic
dermatitis-like pruritic skin inflammation in special diet-fed hairless mice. Exp Dermatol 22
(4):272–277
Godos J, Sinatra D, Blanco I, Mulè S, La Verde M, Marranzano M (2017) Association between
dietary phenolic acids and hypertension in a Mediterranean cohort. Nutrients 9(10):1–13.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9101069
Gomez AM, De la Ossa EM (2002) Quality of borage seed oil extracted by liquid and supercritical
carbon dioxide. Chem Eng J 88(1–3):103–109
Grand View Research (2016). Borage oil market size, share & trend analysis report by application
(cosmetics, medical, dietary supplements) by region and segment forecast, 2016–2022. https://
www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/borage-oil-market. Accessed 10 October 2019
Gupta SK, Negi SP (2016) Antibacterial activity of Indian borage (Plectranthus amboinicus Benth)
leaf extracts in food systems and against natural microflora in chicken meat. Food Technol
Biotechnol 54(1):90–96
Henz BM, Jablonska S, Stingl G, Blaszczyk M, Vandervalk PG, Veenhuizen R, Muggli R,
Raederstorff D (1999) Double-blind, multicentre analysis of the efficacy of borage oil in patients
with atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 140(4):685–688
Herrmann M, Joppe H, Schmaus G (2002) Thesinine-4
0 -O-β-D-glucoside the first glycosylated
plant pyrrolizidine alkaloid from Borago officinalis. Phytochemistry 60(4):399–402
Horvei LD, Grimnes G, Hindberg K, Mathiesen EB, Njølstad I, Wilsgaard T, Brox J, Braekkan SK,
Hansen JB (2016) C-reactive protein, obesity, and the risk of arterial and venous thrombosis. J
Thromb Haemost 14(8):1561–1571
Jensen MP, Karoly P, Braver S (1986) The measurement of clinical pain intensity: a comparison of
six methods. Pain 27:117–126
Jiang WG, Redfern A, Bryce RP, Mansel RE (2000) Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ
(PPAR-γ) mediates the action of gamma linolenic acid in breast cancer cells. Prostaglandins
Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 62(2):119–127
Jung JY, Kwon HH, Hong JS, Yoon JY, Park MS, Jang MY, Suh DH (2014) Effect of dietary
supplementation with omega-3 fatty acid and gamma-linolenic acid on acne vulgaris: a
randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Acta Derm Venereol 94(5):521–526
Kapoor R, Huang YS (2006) Gamma linolenic acid: an antiinflammatory omega-6 fatty acid. Curr
Pharm Biotechnol 7(6):531–534
Kast RE (2001) Borage oil reduction of rheumatoid arthritis activity may be mediated by increased
cAMP that suppresses tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Int Immunopharmacol 1(12):2197–2199
Kawamura A, Ooyama K, Kojima K, Kachi H, Abe T, Amano K, Aoyama T (2011) Dietary
supplementation of gamma-linolenic acid improves skin parameters in subjects with dry skin
and mild atopic dermatitis. J Oleo Sci 60(12):597–607
Labrousse VF, Leyrolle Q, Amadieu C, Aubert A, Sere A, Coutureau E, Grégoire S, Bretillon L,
Pallet V, Gressens P, Joffre C (2018) Dietary omega-3 deficiency exacerbates inflammation and
reveals spatial memory deficits in mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide during gestation. Brain
Behav Immun 73:427–440
Larson KM, Roby MR, Stermitz FR (1984) Unsaturated pyrrolizidines from borage (Borago
officinalis), a common garden herb. J Nat Prod 47(4):747–748
Lindqvist HM, Gjertsson I, Andersson S, Calder PC, Bärebring L (2019) Influence of blue mussel
(Mytilus edulis) intake on fatty acid composition in erythrocytes and plasma phospholipids and
368
B. Tanwar et al.
Fewtrell MS, Abbott RA, Kennedy K, Singhal A, Morley R, Caine E, Jamieson C, Cockburn F,
Lucas A (2004) Randomized, double-blind trial of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid
supplementation with fish oil and borage oil in preterm infants. J Pediatr 144(4):471–479
Foster RH, Hardy G, Alany RG (2010) Borage oil in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Nutrition 26
(7–8):708–718
Fujii M, Nakashima H, Tomozawa J, Shimazaki Y, Ohyanagi C, Kawaguchi N, Ohya S, Kohno S,
Nabe T (2013) Deficiency of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids is mainly responsible for atopic
dermatitis-like pruritic skin inflammation in special diet-fed hairless mice. Exp Dermatol 22
(4):272–277
Godos J, Sinatra D, Blanco I, Mulè S, La Verde M, Marranzano M (2017) Association between
dietary phenolic acids and hypertension in a Mediterranean cohort. Nutrients 9(10):1–13.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9101069
Gomez AM, De la Ossa EM (2002) Quality of borage seed oil extracted by liquid and supercritical
carbon dioxide. Chem Eng J 88(1–3):103–109
Grand View Research (2016). Borage oil market size, share & trend analysis report by application
(cosmetics, medical, dietary supplements) by region and segment forecast, 2016–2022. https://
www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/borage-oil-market. Accessed 10 October 2019
Gupta SK, Negi SP (2016) Antibacterial activity of Indian borage (Plectranthus amboinicus Benth)
leaf extracts in food systems and against natural microflora in chicken meat. Food Technol
Biotechnol 54(1):90–96
Henz BM, Jablonska S, Stingl G, Blaszczyk M, Vandervalk PG, Veenhuizen R, Muggli R,
Raederstorff D (1999) Double-blind, multicentre analysis of the efficacy of borage oil in patients
with atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 140(4):685–688
Herrmann M, Joppe H, Schmaus G (2002) Thesinine-4
0 -O-β-D-glucoside the first glycosylated
plant pyrrolizidine alkaloid from Borago officinalis. Phytochemistry 60(4):399–402
Horvei LD, Grimnes G, Hindberg K, Mathiesen EB, Njølstad I, Wilsgaard T, Brox J, Braekkan SK,
Hansen JB (2016) C-reactive protein, obesity, and the risk of arterial and venous thrombosis. J
Thromb Haemost 14(8):1561–1571
Jensen MP, Karoly P, Braver S (1986) The measurement of clinical pain intensity: a comparison of
six methods. Pain 27:117–126
Jiang WG, Redfern A, Bryce RP, Mansel RE (2000) Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ
(PPAR-γ) mediates the action of gamma linolenic acid in breast cancer cells. Prostaglandins
Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 62(2):119–127
Jung JY, Kwon HH, Hong JS, Yoon JY, Park MS, Jang MY, Suh DH (2014) Effect of dietary
supplementation with omega-3 fatty acid and gamma-linolenic acid on acne vulgaris: a
randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Acta Derm Venereol 94(5):521–526
Kapoor R, Huang YS (2006) Gamma linolenic acid: an antiinflammatory omega-6 fatty acid. Curr
Pharm Biotechnol 7(6):531–534
Kast RE (2001) Borage oil reduction of rheumatoid arthritis activity may be mediated by increased
cAMP that suppresses tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Int Immunopharmacol 1(12):2197–2199
Kawamura A, Ooyama K, Kojima K, Kachi H, Abe T, Amano K, Aoyama T (2011) Dietary
supplementation of gamma-linolenic acid improves skin parameters in subjects with dry skin
and mild atopic dermatitis. J Oleo Sci 60(12):597–607
Labrousse VF, Leyrolle Q, Amadieu C, Aubert A, Sere A, Coutureau E, Grégoire S, Bretillon L,
Pallet V, Gressens P, Joffre C (2018) Dietary omega-3 deficiency exacerbates inflammation and
reveals spatial memory deficits in mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide during gestation. Brain
Behav Immun 73:427–440
Larson KM, Roby MR, Stermitz FR (1984) Unsaturated pyrrolizidines from borage (Borago
officinalis), a common garden herb. J Nat Prod 47(4):747–748
Lindqvist HM, Gjertsson I, Andersson S, Calder PC, Bärebring L (2019) Influence of blue mussel
(Mytilus edulis) intake on fatty acid composition in erythrocytes and plasma phospholipids and
368
B. Tanwar et al.