Boden-Albala B, Cammack S, Chong J, Wang C, Wright C, Rundek T, Elkind MS, Paik MC, Sacco
RL (2008) Diabetes, fasting glucose levels, and risk of ischemic stroke and vascular events:
findings from the Northern Manhattan study (NOMAS). Diabetes Care 31:1132–1137
Borrelli F, Ernst E (2010) Alternative and complementary therapies for the menopause. Maturitas
66(4):333–343
Branca F, Lorenzetti S (2005) Health effects of phytoestrogens. In: Elmadfa I (ed) Diet diversification and health promotion. Karger Publishers, Basel, Switzerland, pp 100–111
Brownlee IA (2011) The physiological roles of dietary fibre. Food Hydrocoll 25(2):238–250
Bruhl L, Matthaus B, Fehling E, Wiege B, Lehmann B, Luftmann H, Bergander K, Quiroga K,
Scheipers A, Frank O, Hofmann T (2007) Identification of bitter off-taste compounds in the
stored cold pressed linseed oil. J Agric Food Chem 55:7864–7868
Cardoso-Carraro JC, de Souza Dantas MI, Rocha-Espeschit AC, Duarte-Martino HS, RochaRibeiro SM (2012) Flaxseed and human health: reviewing benefits and adverse effects. Food
Rev Int 28:203–230
Caughey GE, Mantzioris E, Gibson RA, Cleland LG, James MJ (1996) The effect on human tumor
necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 beta production of diets enriched in n-3 fatty acids from
vegetable oil or fish oil. Am J Clin Nutr 63:116–122
Chen J, Power KA, Mann J, Cheng A, Thompson LU (2007) Flaxseed alone or in combination with
tamoxifen inhibits mcf-7 breast tumor growth in ovariectomized athymic mice with high
circulating levels of estrogen. Exp Biol Med 232:1071–1080
Chetana SML, Begum K, Ramasarma PR (2010) Nutritional characteristics of linseed/flaxseed
(Linum usitatissimum) and its application in muffin making. J Texture Stud 41:563–578
Choo WS, Birch J, Dufour JP (2007) Physicochemical and quality characteristics of cold-pressed
flaxseed oils. J Food Compos Anal 20(3):202–211
Cicero AF, Derosa G, Di G, Bove M, Gaddi AV, Borghi C (2010) Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty
acids supplementation and blood pressure levels in hypertriglyceridemic patients with untreated
normal-high blood pressure and with or without metabolic syndrome: a retrospective study. Clin
Exp Hypertens 32(2):137–144
Clark BJ, Cochrum RK (2007) The steroidogenic acute regulatory protein as a target of endocrine
disruption in male reproduction. Drug Metab Rev 39:353–370
Clark WF, Kortas C, Heidenhiem AP, Garland J, Spanner E, Parbtani A (2001) Flaxseed in lupus
nephritis: a two-year nonplacebo-controlled crossover study. J Am Coll Nutr 20(2):143–148
Clinton SK (1992) Dietary protein and the origins of human cancer. In: Liepa GU, Bietz DC,
Beynen AC, Gorman MA (eds) Dietary proteins: how they alleviate disease and promote better
health. American Oil Chemists’ Society, Champaign, IL, pp 84–122
Cornish SM, Chilibeck PD, Paus-Jennsen L, Biem HJ, Khozani T, Senanayake V, Vatanparast H,
Little JP, Whiting SJ, Pahwa P (2009) A randomized controlled trial of the effects of flaxseed
lignan complex on metabolic syndrome composite score and bone mineral in older adults. Appl
Physiol Nutr Metab 34(2):89–98
Cramer H, Lauche R, Langhorst J, Dobos G (2012) Effectiveness of yoga for menopausal
symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Evid Based
Complement Alternat Med 2012:863905. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/863905, p 1–11
Cui SW (2001) Polysaccharide gums from agricultural products: processing, structures and functionality. Technomic Publishing, Lancaster, PA
Cui W, Mazza G, Oomah BD, Biliaderis CG (1994) Optimization of an aqueous extraction process
for flaxseed gum by response surface methodology. LWT Food Sci Technol 27:363–369
Cunnane SC, Ganguli S, Menard C, Liede AC, Hamadeh MJ, Chen ZY, Wolever TMS, Jenkins
DJA (1993a) High α–linolenic acid flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum): some nutritional properties
in human. Br J Nutr 69(2):443–453
Cunnane SC, Ganguli S, Menard C, Liede AC, Hamadeh MJ, Chen ZY, Wolever TM, Jenkins DJ
(1993b) High α-linolenic acid flaxseed (Linumusitatissimum): some nutritional properties in
humans. Br J Nutr 69(2):443–453
10 Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum)
275
RL (2008) Diabetes, fasting glucose levels, and risk of ischemic stroke and vascular events:
findings from the Northern Manhattan study (NOMAS). Diabetes Care 31:1132–1137
Borrelli F, Ernst E (2010) Alternative and complementary therapies for the menopause. Maturitas
66(4):333–343
Branca F, Lorenzetti S (2005) Health effects of phytoestrogens. In: Elmadfa I (ed) Diet diversification and health promotion. Karger Publishers, Basel, Switzerland, pp 100–111
Brownlee IA (2011) The physiological roles of dietary fibre. Food Hydrocoll 25(2):238–250
Bruhl L, Matthaus B, Fehling E, Wiege B, Lehmann B, Luftmann H, Bergander K, Quiroga K,
Scheipers A, Frank O, Hofmann T (2007) Identification of bitter off-taste compounds in the
stored cold pressed linseed oil. J Agric Food Chem 55:7864–7868
Cardoso-Carraro JC, de Souza Dantas MI, Rocha-Espeschit AC, Duarte-Martino HS, RochaRibeiro SM (2012) Flaxseed and human health: reviewing benefits and adverse effects. Food
Rev Int 28:203–230
Caughey GE, Mantzioris E, Gibson RA, Cleland LG, James MJ (1996) The effect on human tumor
necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 beta production of diets enriched in n-3 fatty acids from
vegetable oil or fish oil. Am J Clin Nutr 63:116–122
Chen J, Power KA, Mann J, Cheng A, Thompson LU (2007) Flaxseed alone or in combination with
tamoxifen inhibits mcf-7 breast tumor growth in ovariectomized athymic mice with high
circulating levels of estrogen. Exp Biol Med 232:1071–1080
Chetana SML, Begum K, Ramasarma PR (2010) Nutritional characteristics of linseed/flaxseed
(Linum usitatissimum) and its application in muffin making. J Texture Stud 41:563–578
Choo WS, Birch J, Dufour JP (2007) Physicochemical and quality characteristics of cold-pressed
flaxseed oils. J Food Compos Anal 20(3):202–211
Cicero AF, Derosa G, Di G, Bove M, Gaddi AV, Borghi C (2010) Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty
acids supplementation and blood pressure levels in hypertriglyceridemic patients with untreated
normal-high blood pressure and with or without metabolic syndrome: a retrospective study. Clin
Exp Hypertens 32(2):137–144
Clark BJ, Cochrum RK (2007) The steroidogenic acute regulatory protein as a target of endocrine
disruption in male reproduction. Drug Metab Rev 39:353–370
Clark WF, Kortas C, Heidenhiem AP, Garland J, Spanner E, Parbtani A (2001) Flaxseed in lupus
nephritis: a two-year nonplacebo-controlled crossover study. J Am Coll Nutr 20(2):143–148
Clinton SK (1992) Dietary protein and the origins of human cancer. In: Liepa GU, Bietz DC,
Beynen AC, Gorman MA (eds) Dietary proteins: how they alleviate disease and promote better
health. American Oil Chemists’ Society, Champaign, IL, pp 84–122
Cornish SM, Chilibeck PD, Paus-Jennsen L, Biem HJ, Khozani T, Senanayake V, Vatanparast H,
Little JP, Whiting SJ, Pahwa P (2009) A randomized controlled trial of the effects of flaxseed
lignan complex on metabolic syndrome composite score and bone mineral in older adults. Appl
Physiol Nutr Metab 34(2):89–98
Cramer H, Lauche R, Langhorst J, Dobos G (2012) Effectiveness of yoga for menopausal
symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Evid Based
Complement Alternat Med 2012:863905. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/863905, p 1–11
Cui SW (2001) Polysaccharide gums from agricultural products: processing, structures and functionality. Technomic Publishing, Lancaster, PA
Cui W, Mazza G, Oomah BD, Biliaderis CG (1994) Optimization of an aqueous extraction process
for flaxseed gum by response surface methodology. LWT Food Sci Technol 27:363–369
Cunnane SC, Ganguli S, Menard C, Liede AC, Hamadeh MJ, Chen ZY, Wolever TMS, Jenkins
DJA (1993a) High α–linolenic acid flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum): some nutritional properties
in human. Br J Nutr 69(2):443–453
Cunnane SC, Ganguli S, Menard C, Liede AC, Hamadeh MJ, Chen ZY, Wolever TM, Jenkins DJ
(1993b) High α-linolenic acid flaxseed (Linumusitatissimum): some nutritional properties in
humans. Br J Nutr 69(2):443–453
10 Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum)
275