68
3 Modification of the Work Function
14. Chauhan M, Gupta DC (2013) Electronic, mechanical, phase transition and thermo-physical
properties of TiC, ZrC and HfC: high pressure computational study. Diam Relat Mater 40:96–
106
15. Delgado JM (1998) Ternary and multinary compounds. In: Tomlinson RD, Hill AE, Pilkington
RD (eds) Institute of physics conference series, vol 152. CRC, Boca Raton
16. Franken PEC, Ponec V (1974) Photoelectric work functions of Ni-Al alloys: clean surfaces
and adsorption of CO. J Catal 35:417–426
17. Kiwa N, Gotoh Y, Tsuji H, Ishikawa J (2002) Relationship between composition and work
function of gold–samarium alloy thin films. Vacuum 66:517–521
18. Franken PEC, Ponec V (1976) Photoelectric work function measurements on nickel-copper
and nickel-gold alloy films: clean surfaces and adsorption of ethylene and carbon monoxide. J
Catal 42:398–407
19. Bouwman R, Sachtler WMH (1970) Photoelectric determination of the work function of goldplatinum alloys. J Catal 19:127–139
20. Bouwman R, Sachtler WMH (1972) Photoelectric investigation of the surface composition of
equilibrated Pt-Ru alloy films in ultrahigh vacuum and in the presence of CO. J Catal 26:63–69
21. Chaturvedi S, Strongin DR (1997) A trend in the C-O bond strength of CH 3 O(ad) on NiAl(100),
FeAl(100) and TiAl(010). Effect of the alloy Fermi level. Catal Lett 47:105–109
22. Ostroukhov AA, Floka VM, Cherepin VT (1996) Electronic structure and magnetic ordering
on the (001) surfaces of FeA1, CoAl and NiA1 alloys with bulk B2-structure. Surf Sci 352–
354:919–922
23. Baker BG, Johnson BB, Maire GLC (1971) Photoelectric work function measurements on
nickel crystals and films. Surf Sci 24:572–586
24. Strayer RW, Mackie W, Swanson LW (1973) Work function measurements by the field emission
retarding potential method. Surf Sci 34:225–248
25. Eib W, Alvarado SF (1976) Spin-polarized photoelectrons from nickel single crystals. Phys
Rev Lett 37:444–446
26. Jacobi K, Zwicker G, Gutmann A (1984) Work function, electron affinity and band bending of
zinc oxide surfaces. Surf Sci 141:109–125
27. Lorenz P, Haensel T, Gutt R, Koch RJ, Schaefer JA, Krischok S (2010) Analysis of polar GaN
surfaces with photoelectron and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. Phys Status
Solidi B 247:1658–1661
28. Massies J, Devoldere P, Linh NT (1979) Work function measurements on MBE GaAs(001)
layers. J Vac Sci Technol 16:1244–1247
29. Yoshitake M, Karas I, Houfek J, Madeswaran S, Song W, Matolín V (2010) Position of segregated Al atoms and the work function: experimental low energy electron diffraction intensity
analysis and first-principles calculation of the (
√
3×
√
3)R30° superlattice phase on the (111)
surface of a Cu–9at.%Al alloy. J Vac Sci Technol A 28:152–158
30. Michaelides A, Hu P, Lee MH, Alavi A, King DA (2003) Resolution of an ancient surface
science anomaly: work function change induced by N adsorption on W{100}. Phys Rev Lett
90:246103-1-246103–4
31. Kolaczkiewicz J, Bauer E (1985) The dipole moments of noble and transition metal atoms
adsorbed on W(110) and W(211) surfaces. Surf Sci 160:1–11
32. Oura K, Hanawa T (1979) LEED-AES study of the Au-Si(100) system. Surf Sci 82:202–214
33. Tsukimoto S, Morita T, Moriyama M, Ito K, Murakami M (2005) Formation of Ti diffusion
barrier layers in thin Cu(Ti) alloy films. J Electron Mater 34:592–599
34. Holloway K, Fryer PM, Cabral C Jr, Harper JME, Bailey PJ, Kelleher KH (1992) Tantalum
as a diffusion barrier between copper and silicon: failure mechanism and effect of nitrogen
additions. J Appl Phys 71:5433–5444
35. Yoshitake M, Yoshihara K (1992) Surface segregation of substrate element on metal films in
film/substrate combinations with Nb, Ti and Cu. Surf Interface Anal 18:509–513
36. Yoshitake M, Aparna Y, Yoshihara K (2001a) General rule for predicting surface segregation
of substrate metal on film surface. J Vac Sci Technol A 19:1432–1437
37. https://surfseg.nims.go.jp/
3 Modification of the Work Function
14. Chauhan M, Gupta DC (2013) Electronic, mechanical, phase transition and thermo-physical
properties of TiC, ZrC and HfC: high pressure computational study. Diam Relat Mater 40:96–
106
15. Delgado JM (1998) Ternary and multinary compounds. In: Tomlinson RD, Hill AE, Pilkington
RD (eds) Institute of physics conference series, vol 152. CRC, Boca Raton
16. Franken PEC, Ponec V (1974) Photoelectric work functions of Ni-Al alloys: clean surfaces
and adsorption of CO. J Catal 35:417–426
17. Kiwa N, Gotoh Y, Tsuji H, Ishikawa J (2002) Relationship between composition and work
function of gold–samarium alloy thin films. Vacuum 66:517–521
18. Franken PEC, Ponec V (1976) Photoelectric work function measurements on nickel-copper
and nickel-gold alloy films: clean surfaces and adsorption of ethylene and carbon monoxide. J
Catal 42:398–407
19. Bouwman R, Sachtler WMH (1970) Photoelectric determination of the work function of goldplatinum alloys. J Catal 19:127–139
20. Bouwman R, Sachtler WMH (1972) Photoelectric investigation of the surface composition of
equilibrated Pt-Ru alloy films in ultrahigh vacuum and in the presence of CO. J Catal 26:63–69
21. Chaturvedi S, Strongin DR (1997) A trend in the C-O bond strength of CH 3 O(ad) on NiAl(100),
FeAl(100) and TiAl(010). Effect of the alloy Fermi level. Catal Lett 47:105–109
22. Ostroukhov AA, Floka VM, Cherepin VT (1996) Electronic structure and magnetic ordering
on the (001) surfaces of FeA1, CoAl and NiA1 alloys with bulk B2-structure. Surf Sci 352–
354:919–922
23. Baker BG, Johnson BB, Maire GLC (1971) Photoelectric work function measurements on
nickel crystals and films. Surf Sci 24:572–586
24. Strayer RW, Mackie W, Swanson LW (1973) Work function measurements by the field emission
retarding potential method. Surf Sci 34:225–248
25. Eib W, Alvarado SF (1976) Spin-polarized photoelectrons from nickel single crystals. Phys
Rev Lett 37:444–446
26. Jacobi K, Zwicker G, Gutmann A (1984) Work function, electron affinity and band bending of
zinc oxide surfaces. Surf Sci 141:109–125
27. Lorenz P, Haensel T, Gutt R, Koch RJ, Schaefer JA, Krischok S (2010) Analysis of polar GaN
surfaces with photoelectron and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. Phys Status
Solidi B 247:1658–1661
28. Massies J, Devoldere P, Linh NT (1979) Work function measurements on MBE GaAs(001)
layers. J Vac Sci Technol 16:1244–1247
29. Yoshitake M, Karas I, Houfek J, Madeswaran S, Song W, Matolín V (2010) Position of segregated Al atoms and the work function: experimental low energy electron diffraction intensity
analysis and first-principles calculation of the (
√
3×
√
3)R30° superlattice phase on the (111)
surface of a Cu–9at.%Al alloy. J Vac Sci Technol A 28:152–158
30. Michaelides A, Hu P, Lee MH, Alavi A, King DA (2003) Resolution of an ancient surface
science anomaly: work function change induced by N adsorption on W{100}. Phys Rev Lett
90:246103-1-246103–4
31. Kolaczkiewicz J, Bauer E (1985) The dipole moments of noble and transition metal atoms
adsorbed on W(110) and W(211) surfaces. Surf Sci 160:1–11
32. Oura K, Hanawa T (1979) LEED-AES study of the Au-Si(100) system. Surf Sci 82:202–214
33. Tsukimoto S, Morita T, Moriyama M, Ito K, Murakami M (2005) Formation of Ti diffusion
barrier layers in thin Cu(Ti) alloy films. J Electron Mater 34:592–599
34. Holloway K, Fryer PM, Cabral C Jr, Harper JME, Bailey PJ, Kelleher KH (1992) Tantalum
as a diffusion barrier between copper and silicon: failure mechanism and effect of nitrogen
additions. J Appl Phys 71:5433–5444
35. Yoshitake M, Yoshihara K (1992) Surface segregation of substrate element on metal films in
film/substrate combinations with Nb, Ti and Cu. Surf Interface Anal 18:509–513
36. Yoshitake M, Aparna Y, Yoshihara K (2001a) General rule for predicting surface segregation
of substrate metal on film surface. J Vac Sci Technol A 19:1432–1437
37. https://surfseg.nims.go.jp/