4 RA Signaling in Limb Development and Regeneration …
113
Elinson RP, Walton Z, Nath K. Raldh (2008) expression in embryos of the direct developing frog
Eleutherodactylus coqui and the conserved retinoic acid requirement for forelimb initiation. J
exp Zool (Mol. Dev. Biol) 310B:588–595
Emoto Y, Wada H, Okamoto H, Kudo A, Imai Y (2005) Retinoic acid-metabolizing enzyme Cyp26a1
is essential for determining territories of hindbrain and spinal cord in zebrafish. Dev Biol 278:415–
427
Ephrussi A, St Johnston D (2004) Seeing is believing: the bicoid gradient matures. Cell 116:143–152
French V, Bryant PJ, Bryant SV (1976) Pattern regulation in epimorphic fields. Science 193:969–981
Gibert Y, Gajewski A, Mayer A, Begemann G (2006) Induction and prepatterning of the zebrafish
pectoral fin bud requires axial retinoic acid signaling. Development 133:2649–2659
Grandel H, Lun K, Rauch GJ, Rhinn M, Piotrowski T, Houart C, Sordino P, Küchler AM, SchulteMerker S, Geisler R, Holder N, Wilson SW, Brand M (2002) Retinoic acid signalling in
the zebrafish embryo is necessary during pre-segmentation stages to pattern the anterior-posterior
axis of the CNS and to induce a pectoral fin bud. Development 129:2851–2865
Helms J, Thaller C, Eichele G (1994) Relationship between retinoic acid and sonic hedgehog, two
polarizing signals in the chick wing bud. Development 120:3267–3274
Helms J, Kim CH, Thaller C, Eichele G (1996) Retinoic acid signaling is required during early limb
development. Development 122:1385–1394
Horton C, Maden M (1995) Endogenous distribution of retinoids during normal development and
teratogenesis in the mouse embryo. Dev Dyn 202:312–323
Izpisúa-Belmonte J-C, Tickle C, Dollé P, Wolpert L, Duboule D (1991) Expression of homeobox
Hox-4 genes and the specification of position in chick wing development. Nature 350:585–589
Ju B-G, Kim W-S (1994) Pattern duplication by retinoic acid treatment in the regenerating limbs of
Korean salamander larvae, Hynobius leechii, correlates well with the extent of dedifferentiation.
Dev Dynam 199:253–267
Keegan BR, Feldman JL, Begemann G, Ingham PW, Yelon D (2005) Retinoic acid signaling restricts
the cardiac progenitor pool. Science 307:247–249
Kim W-S, Stocum DL (1990) Retinoic aic modifies positional memory in the anteroposterior axis
of regenerating axolotl limbs. Dev Biol 114:170–179
Kumar A, Gates PB, Brockes JP (2007) Positional identity of adult stem cells in salamander limb
regeneration. C.R. Biologies 330:485–490
Kumar A, Godwin JW, Gates PB, Garza-Garcia AA, Brockes JP (2007b) Molecular basis for the
nerve dependence of limb regeneration in an adult vertrbrate. Science 303:540–543
Larsen HL, Janners MY (1987) Teratogenic effects of retinoic acid and dimethylsulfoxide on
embryonic chick wing and somite. Teratology 36:313–320
Lee GS, Kochhar DM, Collins MD (2004) Retinoid-induced limb malformations. Curr Pharm Des
10:2657–2699
Lheureux E, Thoms SD, Carey F (1986) The effects of two retinoids on limb regeneration in
Pleurodeles waltl and Triturus vulgaris. J Embryol Exp Morph 92:165–182
Liao X, Collins MD (2008) All-trans retinoic acid-induced ectopic limb and caudal structures:
murine strain sensitivities and pathogenesis. Dev Dynam 237:1553–1564
Linville A, Radtke K, Waxman JS, Yelon D, Schilling TF (2009) Combinatorial roles for zebrafish
retinoic acid receptors in the hindbrain, limbs and pharyngeal arches. Dev Biol 325:60–70
Lu H-C, Eichele G, Thaller C (1997a) Ligand-bound RXR can mediate retinoid signal transduction
during embryogenesis. Development 124:195–203
Lu H-C, Revelli J-P, Goering L, Thaller C, Eichele G (1997b) Retinoid signaling is required for
the establishment of a ZPA and for the expression of Hoxb-8, a mediator of ZPA formation.
Development 124:1643–1651
Ludolph DC, Cameron JA, Stocum DL (1990) The effect of retinoic acid on positional memory in
the dorsoventral axis of regenerating axolotl limbs. Dev Biol 1990(140):41–52
Lynch J, McEwan J, Beck CW (2011) Analysis of the expression of retinoic acid metabolizing
genes during Xenopus laevis organogenesis. Gene Exp Patt 11:112–117
113
Elinson RP, Walton Z, Nath K. Raldh (2008) expression in embryos of the direct developing frog
Eleutherodactylus coqui and the conserved retinoic acid requirement for forelimb initiation. J
exp Zool (Mol. Dev. Biol) 310B:588–595
Emoto Y, Wada H, Okamoto H, Kudo A, Imai Y (2005) Retinoic acid-metabolizing enzyme Cyp26a1
is essential for determining territories of hindbrain and spinal cord in zebrafish. Dev Biol 278:415–
427
Ephrussi A, St Johnston D (2004) Seeing is believing: the bicoid gradient matures. Cell 116:143–152
French V, Bryant PJ, Bryant SV (1976) Pattern regulation in epimorphic fields. Science 193:969–981
Gibert Y, Gajewski A, Mayer A, Begemann G (2006) Induction and prepatterning of the zebrafish
pectoral fin bud requires axial retinoic acid signaling. Development 133:2649–2659
Grandel H, Lun K, Rauch GJ, Rhinn M, Piotrowski T, Houart C, Sordino P, Küchler AM, SchulteMerker S, Geisler R, Holder N, Wilson SW, Brand M (2002) Retinoic acid signalling in
the zebrafish embryo is necessary during pre-segmentation stages to pattern the anterior-posterior
axis of the CNS and to induce a pectoral fin bud. Development 129:2851–2865
Helms J, Thaller C, Eichele G (1994) Relationship between retinoic acid and sonic hedgehog, two
polarizing signals in the chick wing bud. Development 120:3267–3274
Helms J, Kim CH, Thaller C, Eichele G (1996) Retinoic acid signaling is required during early limb
development. Development 122:1385–1394
Horton C, Maden M (1995) Endogenous distribution of retinoids during normal development and
teratogenesis in the mouse embryo. Dev Dyn 202:312–323
Izpisúa-Belmonte J-C, Tickle C, Dollé P, Wolpert L, Duboule D (1991) Expression of homeobox
Hox-4 genes and the specification of position in chick wing development. Nature 350:585–589
Ju B-G, Kim W-S (1994) Pattern duplication by retinoic acid treatment in the regenerating limbs of
Korean salamander larvae, Hynobius leechii, correlates well with the extent of dedifferentiation.
Dev Dynam 199:253–267
Keegan BR, Feldman JL, Begemann G, Ingham PW, Yelon D (2005) Retinoic acid signaling restricts
the cardiac progenitor pool. Science 307:247–249
Kim W-S, Stocum DL (1990) Retinoic aic modifies positional memory in the anteroposterior axis
of regenerating axolotl limbs. Dev Biol 114:170–179
Kumar A, Gates PB, Brockes JP (2007) Positional identity of adult stem cells in salamander limb
regeneration. C.R. Biologies 330:485–490
Kumar A, Godwin JW, Gates PB, Garza-Garcia AA, Brockes JP (2007b) Molecular basis for the
nerve dependence of limb regeneration in an adult vertrbrate. Science 303:540–543
Larsen HL, Janners MY (1987) Teratogenic effects of retinoic acid and dimethylsulfoxide on
embryonic chick wing and somite. Teratology 36:313–320
Lee GS, Kochhar DM, Collins MD (2004) Retinoid-induced limb malformations. Curr Pharm Des
10:2657–2699
Lheureux E, Thoms SD, Carey F (1986) The effects of two retinoids on limb regeneration in
Pleurodeles waltl and Triturus vulgaris. J Embryol Exp Morph 92:165–182
Liao X, Collins MD (2008) All-trans retinoic acid-induced ectopic limb and caudal structures:
murine strain sensitivities and pathogenesis. Dev Dynam 237:1553–1564
Linville A, Radtke K, Waxman JS, Yelon D, Schilling TF (2009) Combinatorial roles for zebrafish
retinoic acid receptors in the hindbrain, limbs and pharyngeal arches. Dev Biol 325:60–70
Lu H-C, Eichele G, Thaller C (1997a) Ligand-bound RXR can mediate retinoid signal transduction
during embryogenesis. Development 124:195–203
Lu H-C, Revelli J-P, Goering L, Thaller C, Eichele G (1997b) Retinoid signaling is required for
the establishment of a ZPA and for the expression of Hoxb-8, a mediator of ZPA formation.
Development 124:1643–1651
Ludolph DC, Cameron JA, Stocum DL (1990) The effect of retinoic acid on positional memory in
the dorsoventral axis of regenerating axolotl limbs. Dev Biol 1990(140):41–52
Lynch J, McEwan J, Beck CW (2011) Analysis of the expression of retinoic acid metabolizing
genes during Xenopus laevis organogenesis. Gene Exp Patt 11:112–117