10 SOLAR PV IN SINGAPORE IN THE ABSENCE OF SUBSIDIES
239
Fig. 10.4 1-minute resolution irradiation data at four monitoring stations in
Singapore and their average irradiation (Note Author created figure based on
data from Weatherspark [2017])
which frequency control reserves will be procured in increasing quantities in parallel with the growth in installed PV capacity (Energy Market
Authority 2014).
Under the dynamic pathway approach, two thresholds have been
defined. The first is the Intermittent Generation Threshold (IGT), which
is the amount of PV capacity that can be integrated into the grid based
on the existing amount of reserves. The IGT, which was equivalent to the
hard cap of 350 MW set previously, was revised to 600 MWac under this
pathway. The pathway includes an option to raise the IGT level further
with improvements in accuracy of PV forecasting, as more accurate PV
forecasts will lead to reduction in quantity of required reserves. Toward
this objective, the EMA has awarded a S$6-million research grant to
improve the accuracy of PV output forecasts through tools and methods
from weather prediction, remote sensing, machine learning, and grid
modeling. The second threshold under the dynamic pathway is called the
Intermittent Generation Limit (IGL), which is the maximum amount of
239
Fig. 10.4 1-minute resolution irradiation data at four monitoring stations in
Singapore and their average irradiation (Note Author created figure based on
data from Weatherspark [2017])
which frequency control reserves will be procured in increasing quantities in parallel with the growth in installed PV capacity (Energy Market
Authority 2014).
Under the dynamic pathway approach, two thresholds have been
defined. The first is the Intermittent Generation Threshold (IGT), which
is the amount of PV capacity that can be integrated into the grid based
on the existing amount of reserves. The IGT, which was equivalent to the
hard cap of 350 MW set previously, was revised to 600 MWac under this
pathway. The pathway includes an option to raise the IGT level further
with improvements in accuracy of PV forecasting, as more accurate PV
forecasts will lead to reduction in quantity of required reserves. Toward
this objective, the EMA has awarded a S$6-million research grant to
improve the accuracy of PV output forecasts through tools and methods
from weather prediction, remote sensing, machine learning, and grid
modeling. The second threshold under the dynamic pathway is called the
Intermittent Generation Limit (IGL), which is the maximum amount of