240 G. JINDAL ET AL.
PV capacity that the power system can support depending upon the total
amount of reserves capacity that can be called upon at any point in time.
This figure is dependent on the total quantity of reserves that can be
provided by all generators and loads in Singapore’s power system that
have the capability to provide reserves. As of now, the IGL level has not
been disclosed. Integration of PV capacity beyond the IGL levels would
require Singapore to either link its electricity grid with other regional
grids, or promote installation of energy storage, among other measures.
However, these come with their own set of challenges.
Interconnection of power and gas grids has been a major topic of
discussion among the member countries of the Association of Southeast
Asian Nations (ASEAN) for several years now. An interconnected ASEAN
electricity grid would theoretically result in benefits such as reduced grid
costs and fuel savings, enhanced energy security and system resiliency,
and increased environmental benefits—especially with the use of the
vast hydropower potential in the Mekong region. However, there are a
number of challenges that would need to be overcome, the most important one being the marked differences among policies and regulations
for managing the energy sectors in various ASEAN countries, including
the differences in electricity tariffs and subsidy levels (Andrews-Speed
2016). As a result, interconnections are currently restricted to bilateral
connections between several groups of immediate neighbors.
The first attempt toward a multilateral interconnection and transfer
of electricity was envisaged in 2013 in the form of the Lao PDRThailand-Malaysia-Singapore (LTMS) Power Integration Project (PIP).
The aim of this project is to eventually allow for the transfer of up to
100 MW of power from Lao PDR to Singapore via Thailand and Malaysia
through existing interconnections (Ministry of Trade and Industry 2014).
Currently under the first phase of this project, Malaysia, Thailand, and
Lao PDR have signed a tripartite Energy Purchase and Wheeling Agreement (EPWA) to transfer 100 MW of hydropower from Lao PDR to
Malaysia. A publication by Malaysia’s energy regulator claims that Singapore is expected to join the project in its second phase, possibly by 2020
(Suruhanjaya Tenaga 2017).
Regarding energy storage, Singapore opened its electricity market
in 2015 to electricity storage systems, by allowing them to compete
with conventional generators in offering frequency regulation services.
However, unlike electricity markets in the United States, Singapore
currently does not offer special tariffs for battery storage’s fast response
PV capacity that the power system can support depending upon the total
amount of reserves capacity that can be called upon at any point in time.
This figure is dependent on the total quantity of reserves that can be
provided by all generators and loads in Singapore’s power system that
have the capability to provide reserves. As of now, the IGL level has not
been disclosed. Integration of PV capacity beyond the IGL levels would
require Singapore to either link its electricity grid with other regional
grids, or promote installation of energy storage, among other measures.
However, these come with their own set of challenges.
Interconnection of power and gas grids has been a major topic of
discussion among the member countries of the Association of Southeast
Asian Nations (ASEAN) for several years now. An interconnected ASEAN
electricity grid would theoretically result in benefits such as reduced grid
costs and fuel savings, enhanced energy security and system resiliency,
and increased environmental benefits—especially with the use of the
vast hydropower potential in the Mekong region. However, there are a
number of challenges that would need to be overcome, the most important one being the marked differences among policies and regulations
for managing the energy sectors in various ASEAN countries, including
the differences in electricity tariffs and subsidy levels (Andrews-Speed
2016). As a result, interconnections are currently restricted to bilateral
connections between several groups of immediate neighbors.
The first attempt toward a multilateral interconnection and transfer
of electricity was envisaged in 2013 in the form of the Lao PDRThailand-Malaysia-Singapore (LTMS) Power Integration Project (PIP).
The aim of this project is to eventually allow for the transfer of up to
100 MW of power from Lao PDR to Singapore via Thailand and Malaysia
through existing interconnections (Ministry of Trade and Industry 2014).
Currently under the first phase of this project, Malaysia, Thailand, and
Lao PDR have signed a tripartite Energy Purchase and Wheeling Agreement (EPWA) to transfer 100 MW of hydropower from Lao PDR to
Malaysia. A publication by Malaysia’s energy regulator claims that Singapore is expected to join the project in its second phase, possibly by 2020
(Suruhanjaya Tenaga 2017).
Regarding energy storage, Singapore opened its electricity market
in 2015 to electricity storage systems, by allowing them to compete
with conventional generators in offering frequency regulation services.
However, unlike electricity markets in the United States, Singapore
currently does not offer special tariffs for battery storage’s fast response