192
Levchik, S. V., & Weil, E. D. (2004). Thermal decomposition, combustion and fire-retardancy of
polyurethanes—A review of the recent literature. Polymer International, 53(11), 1585–1610.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.1314.
Levchik, S. V., Costa, L., & Camino, G. (1994). Effect of the fire-retardant ammonium polyphosphate on the thermal decomposition of aliphatic polyamides. Part III—
Polyamides 6.6 and 6.10. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 43(1), 43–54. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0141-3910(94)90224-0.
Levchik, S. V., Camino, G., Costa, L., & Levchik, G. F. (1995). Mechanism of action of phosphorus-based flame retardants in nylon 6. I. Ammonium polyphosphate. Fire and Materials, 19(1),
1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.810190102.
Levchik, S. V., Weil, E. D., & Lewin, M. (1999). Thermal decomposition of aliphatic nylons. Polymer International, 48(7), 532–557. https://doi.org/10.1002/
(sici)1097-0126(199907)48:7<532::aid-pi214>3.0.co;2-r.
Levchik, S., Piotrowski, A., Weil, E., & Yao, Q. (2005). New developments in flame retardancy
of epoxy resins. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 88(1), 57–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
polymdegradstab.2004.02.019.
Li, C., Fan, H., Aziz, T., Bittencourt, C., Wu, L., Wang, D. Y., & Dubois, P. (2018). Biobased epoxy
resin with low electrical permissivity and flame retardancy: From environmental friendly
high-throughput synthesis to properties. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6(7),
8856–8867. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b01212.
Lin, C. H., Wu, C. Y., & Wang, C. S. (2000). Synthesis and properties of phosphorus-containing
advanced epoxy resins. II. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 78(1), 228–235. https://doi.
org/10.1002/1097-4628(20001003)78:1<228::aid-app270>3.0.co;2-z.
Lin, C. H., Cai, S. X., & Lin, C. H. (2005). Flame-retardant epoxy resins with high glass-transition
temperatures. II. Using a novel hexafunctional curing agent: 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-yl-tris (4-aminophenyl) methane. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer
Chemistry, 43(23), 5971–5986. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.21072.
Liu, Y. L. (2001). Flame-retardant epoxy resins from novel phosphorus-containing novolac.
Polymer, 42(8), 3445–3454. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00717-5.
Liu, Y. L. (2002). Epoxy resins from novel monomers with a bis-(9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-oxide10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-yl-) substituent. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer
Chemistry, 40(3), 359–368. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.10125.
Liu, K., Li, Y., Tao, L., Liu, C., & Xiao, R. (2019). Synthesis and characterization of inherently
flame retardant polyamide 6 based on a phosphine oxide derivative. Polymer Degradation and
Stability, 163, 151–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.03.004.
Lligadas, G., Ronda, J. C., Galià, M., & Cádiz, V. (2006). Development of novel phosphoruscontaining epoxy resins from renewable resources. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer
Chemistry, 44(23), 6717–6727. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.21794.
Ma, Z. L., Zhao, W. G., Liu, Y. F., & Shi, J. R. (1997). Intumescent polyurethane coatings with reduced flammability based on spirocyclic phosphate-containing polyols. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 66(3), 471–475. https://doi.org/10.1002/
(sici)1097-4628(19971017)66:3<471::aid-app6>3.0.co;2-m.
Ma, S., Liu, X., Jiang, Y., Fan, L., Feng, J., & Zhu, J. (2014). Synthesis and properties of
phosphorus- containing bio-based epoxy resin from itaconic acid. SCIENCE CHINA Chemistry,
57(3), 379–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-013-5025-3.
Madorsky, S. L. (1964). Thermal degradation of organic polymers (Vol. 7). New York and London:
Interscience Publishers.
Martino, L., Basilissi, L., Farina, H., Ortenzi, M. A., Zini, E., Di Silvestro, G., & Scandola,
M. (2014). Bio-based polyamide 11: Synthesis, rheology and solid-state properties of star structures. European Polymer Journal, 59, 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.07.012.
Mateva, R. P., & Dencheva, N. V. (1993). Flammability and thermal behavior of phosphoruscontaining polyamide-6. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 47(7), 1185–1192. https://doi.
org/10.1002/app.1993.070470706.
H. Vahabi et al.
Levchik, S. V., & Weil, E. D. (2004). Thermal decomposition, combustion and fire-retardancy of
polyurethanes—A review of the recent literature. Polymer International, 53(11), 1585–1610.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.1314.
Levchik, S. V., Costa, L., & Camino, G. (1994). Effect of the fire-retardant ammonium polyphosphate on the thermal decomposition of aliphatic polyamides. Part III—
Polyamides 6.6 and 6.10. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 43(1), 43–54. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0141-3910(94)90224-0.
Levchik, S. V., Camino, G., Costa, L., & Levchik, G. F. (1995). Mechanism of action of phosphorus-based flame retardants in nylon 6. I. Ammonium polyphosphate. Fire and Materials, 19(1),
1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.810190102.
Levchik, S. V., Weil, E. D., & Lewin, M. (1999). Thermal decomposition of aliphatic nylons. Polymer International, 48(7), 532–557. https://doi.org/10.1002/
(sici)1097-0126(199907)48:7<532::aid-pi214>3.0.co;2-r.
Levchik, S., Piotrowski, A., Weil, E., & Yao, Q. (2005). New developments in flame retardancy
of epoxy resins. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 88(1), 57–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
polymdegradstab.2004.02.019.
Li, C., Fan, H., Aziz, T., Bittencourt, C., Wu, L., Wang, D. Y., & Dubois, P. (2018). Biobased epoxy
resin with low electrical permissivity and flame retardancy: From environmental friendly
high-throughput synthesis to properties. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6(7),
8856–8867. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b01212.
Lin, C. H., Wu, C. Y., & Wang, C. S. (2000). Synthesis and properties of phosphorus-containing
advanced epoxy resins. II. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 78(1), 228–235. https://doi.
org/10.1002/1097-4628(20001003)78:1<228::aid-app270>3.0.co;2-z.
Lin, C. H., Cai, S. X., & Lin, C. H. (2005). Flame-retardant epoxy resins with high glass-transition
temperatures. II. Using a novel hexafunctional curing agent: 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-yl-tris (4-aminophenyl) methane. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer
Chemistry, 43(23), 5971–5986. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.21072.
Liu, Y. L. (2001). Flame-retardant epoxy resins from novel phosphorus-containing novolac.
Polymer, 42(8), 3445–3454. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00717-5.
Liu, Y. L. (2002). Epoxy resins from novel monomers with a bis-(9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-oxide10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-yl-) substituent. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer
Chemistry, 40(3), 359–368. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.10125.
Liu, K., Li, Y., Tao, L., Liu, C., & Xiao, R. (2019). Synthesis and characterization of inherently
flame retardant polyamide 6 based on a phosphine oxide derivative. Polymer Degradation and
Stability, 163, 151–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.03.004.
Lligadas, G., Ronda, J. C., Galià, M., & Cádiz, V. (2006). Development of novel phosphoruscontaining epoxy resins from renewable resources. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer
Chemistry, 44(23), 6717–6727. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.21794.
Ma, Z. L., Zhao, W. G., Liu, Y. F., & Shi, J. R. (1997). Intumescent polyurethane coatings with reduced flammability based on spirocyclic phosphate-containing polyols. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 66(3), 471–475. https://doi.org/10.1002/
(sici)1097-4628(19971017)66:3<471::aid-app6>3.0.co;2-m.
Ma, S., Liu, X., Jiang, Y., Fan, L., Feng, J., & Zhu, J. (2014). Synthesis and properties of
phosphorus- containing bio-based epoxy resin from itaconic acid. SCIENCE CHINA Chemistry,
57(3), 379–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-013-5025-3.
Madorsky, S. L. (1964). Thermal degradation of organic polymers (Vol. 7). New York and London:
Interscience Publishers.
Martino, L., Basilissi, L., Farina, H., Ortenzi, M. A., Zini, E., Di Silvestro, G., & Scandola,
M. (2014). Bio-based polyamide 11: Synthesis, rheology and solid-state properties of star structures. European Polymer Journal, 59, 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.07.012.
Mateva, R. P., & Dencheva, N. V. (1993). Flammability and thermal behavior of phosphoruscontaining polyamide-6. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 47(7), 1185–1192. https://doi.
org/10.1002/app.1993.070470706.
H. Vahabi et al.