189
some thermoplastic and thermoset reactive polymers was reviewed in terms of flame
retardancy. The chemical modification of reactive polymers over additive methods
offers several advantages. An intrinsic flame retardant can be added into the polymer
with a higher percentage of load compared to the additive flame retardant without
loss of mechanical properties. The chemically bonded flame retardant can remain in
the polymer without the risk of migration caused by the aging process. A higher
compatibility between polymer and flame retardant can be achieved compared to the
additive method. Most reactive solutions are currently based on non-halogenated
phosphorus reactive molecules. In the future, some aspects of the forms of reactive
modification should be carefully monitored. For example, the chemical modification
of the epoxy resin by phosphorus reactive molecules can modify the cure kinetics or
the glass transition temperature. For some other polymers, chemical modification
may alter the crystallinity of the polymer. Finally, the cost and adaptability of chemical methods to industrial production must be considered.
Acknowledgments Not declared.
Conflicts of Interest The author declares no conflict of interest.
References
Auras, R. A., Lim, L.-T., Selke, S. E., & Tsuji, H. (Eds.). (2011). Poly(lactic acid): Synthesis, structures, properties, processing, and applications. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470649848.
Available in: https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com
Available in: https://www.marketwatch.com/
Bhoyate, S., Ionescu, M., Kahol, P. K., Chen, J., Mishra, S. R., & Gupta, R. K. (2018a). Highly
flame-retardant polyurethane foam based on reactive phosphorus polyol and limonenebased polyol. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 135(21), 46224. https://doi.org/10.1002/
app.46224.
Bhoyate, S., Ionescu, M., Kahol, P. K., & Gupta, R. K. (2018b). Sustainable flame-retardant polyurethanes using renewable resources. Industrial Crops and Products, 123, 480–488. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.07.025.
Bhoyate, S., Ionescu, M., Kahol, P. K., & Gupta, R. K. (2019). Castor-oil derived nonhalogenated
reactive flame-retardant-based polyurethane foams with significant reduced heat release rate.
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 136(13), 47276. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.47276.
Bhuiyan, A. L. (1984). Some aspects of the thermal stability action of the structure in aliphatic polyamides and polyacrylamides. Polymer, 25(12), 1699–1710. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0032-3861(84)90241-6.
Biswas, B., & Kandola, B. K. (2011). The effect of chemically reactive type flame retardant additives on flammability of PES toughened epoxy resin and carbon fiber-reinforced composites.
Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 22(7), 1192–1204. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.1960.
Bourbigot, S., & Fontaine, G. (2010). Flame retardancy of polylactide: An overview. Polymer
Chemistry, 1(9), 1413–1422. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0py00106f.
Camino, G., Costa, L., & Di Cortemiglia, M. L. (1991). Overview of fire retardant mechanisms. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 33(2), 131–154. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0141-3910(91)90014-I.
Chattopadhyay, D. K., & Webster, D. C. (2009). Thermal stability and flame retardancy of
polyurethanes. Progress in Polymer Science, 34(10), 1068–1133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
progpolymsci.2009.06.002.
8 Flame Retardancy of Reactive and Functional Polymers
some thermoplastic and thermoset reactive polymers was reviewed in terms of flame
retardancy. The chemical modification of reactive polymers over additive methods
offers several advantages. An intrinsic flame retardant can be added into the polymer
with a higher percentage of load compared to the additive flame retardant without
loss of mechanical properties. The chemically bonded flame retardant can remain in
the polymer without the risk of migration caused by the aging process. A higher
compatibility between polymer and flame retardant can be achieved compared to the
additive method. Most reactive solutions are currently based on non-halogenated
phosphorus reactive molecules. In the future, some aspects of the forms of reactive
modification should be carefully monitored. For example, the chemical modification
of the epoxy resin by phosphorus reactive molecules can modify the cure kinetics or
the glass transition temperature. For some other polymers, chemical modification
may alter the crystallinity of the polymer. Finally, the cost and adaptability of chemical methods to industrial production must be considered.
Acknowledgments Not declared.
Conflicts of Interest The author declares no conflict of interest.
References
Auras, R. A., Lim, L.-T., Selke, S. E., & Tsuji, H. (Eds.). (2011). Poly(lactic acid): Synthesis, structures, properties, processing, and applications. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470649848.
Available in: https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com
Available in: https://www.marketwatch.com/
Bhoyate, S., Ionescu, M., Kahol, P. K., Chen, J., Mishra, S. R., & Gupta, R. K. (2018a). Highly
flame-retardant polyurethane foam based on reactive phosphorus polyol and limonenebased polyol. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 135(21), 46224. https://doi.org/10.1002/
app.46224.
Bhoyate, S., Ionescu, M., Kahol, P. K., & Gupta, R. K. (2018b). Sustainable flame-retardant polyurethanes using renewable resources. Industrial Crops and Products, 123, 480–488. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.07.025.
Bhoyate, S., Ionescu, M., Kahol, P. K., & Gupta, R. K. (2019). Castor-oil derived nonhalogenated
reactive flame-retardant-based polyurethane foams with significant reduced heat release rate.
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 136(13), 47276. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.47276.
Bhuiyan, A. L. (1984). Some aspects of the thermal stability action of the structure in aliphatic polyamides and polyacrylamides. Polymer, 25(12), 1699–1710. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0032-3861(84)90241-6.
Biswas, B., & Kandola, B. K. (2011). The effect of chemically reactive type flame retardant additives on flammability of PES toughened epoxy resin and carbon fiber-reinforced composites.
Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 22(7), 1192–1204. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.1960.
Bourbigot, S., & Fontaine, G. (2010). Flame retardancy of polylactide: An overview. Polymer
Chemistry, 1(9), 1413–1422. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0py00106f.
Camino, G., Costa, L., & Di Cortemiglia, M. L. (1991). Overview of fire retardant mechanisms. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 33(2), 131–154. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0141-3910(91)90014-I.
Chattopadhyay, D. K., & Webster, D. C. (2009). Thermal stability and flame retardancy of
polyurethanes. Progress in Polymer Science, 34(10), 1068–1133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
progpolymsci.2009.06.002.
8 Flame Retardancy of Reactive and Functional Polymers