15. Goswami P, Chinnadayyala SSR, Chakraborty M et al (2013) An overview on alcohol
oxidases and their potential applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97:4259–4275. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-4842-9
16. Koch C, Neumann P, Valerius O et al (2016) Crystal structure of alcohol oxidase from
Pichia pastoris. PLoS ONE 11:e0149846. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149846
17. Nguyen Q-T, Romero E, Dijkman WP et al (2018) Structure-based engineering of
phanerochaete chrysosporium alcohol oxidase for enhanced oxidative power toward
glycerol. Biochemistry 57:6209–6218. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00918
18. Ghanem M, Fan Francis K, Gadda G (2003) Spectroscopic and kinetic properties of
recombinant choline oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis. Biochemistry 42:15179–15188.
https://doi.org/10.1021/bi035435o
19. Quaye O, Lountos GT, Fan et al (2008) Role of Glu312 in binding and positioning of the
substrate for the hydride transfer reaction in choline oxidase. Biochemistry 47:243–256.
https://doi.org/10.1021/bi7017943
20. Baker KL, Bolger FB, Lowry JP (2017) Development of a microelectrochemical biosensor
for the real-time detection of choline. Sensors Actuators B Chem 243:412–420. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.11.110
21. Rahimi P, Joseph Y (2019) Enzyme-based biosensors for choline analysis: A review. TrAC
Trends Anal Chem 110:367–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.035
22. Arima J, Sasaki C, Sakaguchi C et al (2009) Structural characterization of l-glutamate
oxidase from Streptomyces sp. X-119-6. FEBS J 276:3894–3903. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.
1742-4658.2009.07103.x
23. Hughes G, Pemberton RM, Fielden PR, Hart JP (2016) The design, development and
application of electrochemical glutamate biosensors. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 79:106–113.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2015.10.020
24. Yue QK, Kass IJ, Sampson NS, Vrielink A (1999) CCrystal structure determination of
cholesterol oxidase from streptomyces and structural characterization of key active site
mutants. Biochemistry 38:4277–4286. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi982497j
25. MacLachlan J, Wotherspoon ATL, Ansell RO, Brooks CJW (2000) Cholesterol oxidase:
sources, physical properties and analytical applications. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol
72:169–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0760(00)00044-3
26. Lyubimov AY, Heard K, Tang H et al (2007) Distortion of flavin geometry is linked to
ligand binding in cholesterol oxidase. Protein Sci 16:2647–2656. https://doi.org/10.1110/ps.
073168207
27. Vrielink A, Ghisla S (2009) Cholesterol oxidase: biochemistry and structural features.
FEBS J 276:6826–6843. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07377.x
28. Narwal V, Deswal R, Batra B et al (2019) Cholesterol biosensors: a review. Steroids 143:6–
17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2018.12.003
29. Leiros I, Wang E, Rasmussen T et al (2006) The 2.1 Å structure of Aerococcus viridans
L-lactate oxidase (LOX). Acta Crystallogr, Sect F: Struct Biol Cryst Commun 62:1185–
1190. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1744309106044678
30. Li SJ, Umena Y, Yorita K et al (2007) Crystallographic study on the interaction of l-lactate
oxidase with pyruvate at 1.9 Å resolution. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 358:1002–1007.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.021
31. Lamas-Ardisana PJ, Loaiza OA, Añorga L et al (2014) Disposable amperometric biosensor
based on lactate oxidase immobilised on platinum nanoparticle-decorated carbon nanofiber
and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) films. Biosens Bioelectron 56:345–351.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2014.01.047
32. Rathee K, Dhull V, Dhull R, Singh S (2016) Biosensors based on electrochemical lactate
detection: a comprehensive review. Biochem Biophys Reports 5:35–54. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.bbrep.2015.11.010
346
T. Monteiro et al.
oxidases and their potential applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97:4259–4275. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-4842-9
16. Koch C, Neumann P, Valerius O et al (2016) Crystal structure of alcohol oxidase from
Pichia pastoris. PLoS ONE 11:e0149846. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149846
17. Nguyen Q-T, Romero E, Dijkman WP et al (2018) Structure-based engineering of
phanerochaete chrysosporium alcohol oxidase for enhanced oxidative power toward
glycerol. Biochemistry 57:6209–6218. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00918
18. Ghanem M, Fan Francis K, Gadda G (2003) Spectroscopic and kinetic properties of
recombinant choline oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis. Biochemistry 42:15179–15188.
https://doi.org/10.1021/bi035435o
19. Quaye O, Lountos GT, Fan et al (2008) Role of Glu312 in binding and positioning of the
substrate for the hydride transfer reaction in choline oxidase. Biochemistry 47:243–256.
https://doi.org/10.1021/bi7017943
20. Baker KL, Bolger FB, Lowry JP (2017) Development of a microelectrochemical biosensor
for the real-time detection of choline. Sensors Actuators B Chem 243:412–420. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.11.110
21. Rahimi P, Joseph Y (2019) Enzyme-based biosensors for choline analysis: A review. TrAC
Trends Anal Chem 110:367–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.035
22. Arima J, Sasaki C, Sakaguchi C et al (2009) Structural characterization of l-glutamate
oxidase from Streptomyces sp. X-119-6. FEBS J 276:3894–3903. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.
1742-4658.2009.07103.x
23. Hughes G, Pemberton RM, Fielden PR, Hart JP (2016) The design, development and
application of electrochemical glutamate biosensors. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 79:106–113.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2015.10.020
24. Yue QK, Kass IJ, Sampson NS, Vrielink A (1999) CCrystal structure determination of
cholesterol oxidase from streptomyces and structural characterization of key active site
mutants. Biochemistry 38:4277–4286. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi982497j
25. MacLachlan J, Wotherspoon ATL, Ansell RO, Brooks CJW (2000) Cholesterol oxidase:
sources, physical properties and analytical applications. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol
72:169–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0760(00)00044-3
26. Lyubimov AY, Heard K, Tang H et al (2007) Distortion of flavin geometry is linked to
ligand binding in cholesterol oxidase. Protein Sci 16:2647–2656. https://doi.org/10.1110/ps.
073168207
27. Vrielink A, Ghisla S (2009) Cholesterol oxidase: biochemistry and structural features.
FEBS J 276:6826–6843. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07377.x
28. Narwal V, Deswal R, Batra B et al (2019) Cholesterol biosensors: a review. Steroids 143:6–
17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2018.12.003
29. Leiros I, Wang E, Rasmussen T et al (2006) The 2.1 Å structure of Aerococcus viridans
L-lactate oxidase (LOX). Acta Crystallogr, Sect F: Struct Biol Cryst Commun 62:1185–
1190. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1744309106044678
30. Li SJ, Umena Y, Yorita K et al (2007) Crystallographic study on the interaction of l-lactate
oxidase with pyruvate at 1.9 Å resolution. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 358:1002–1007.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.021
31. Lamas-Ardisana PJ, Loaiza OA, Añorga L et al (2014) Disposable amperometric biosensor
based on lactate oxidase immobilised on platinum nanoparticle-decorated carbon nanofiber
and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) films. Biosens Bioelectron 56:345–351.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2014.01.047
32. Rathee K, Dhull V, Dhull R, Singh S (2016) Biosensors based on electrochemical lactate
detection: a comprehensive review. Biochem Biophys Reports 5:35–54. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.bbrep.2015.11.010
346
T. Monteiro et al.