19. Steinweg JM, Dukes JS, Paul EA, Wallenstein MD (2013) Microbial responses to multi actor
climate change: effects on soil enzymes. Front Microbiol 4:146. https://doi.org/10.3389/
fmicb.2013.00146
20. Piotrowska A, Koper J (2010) Soil b-glucosidase activity under winter wheat cultivated in
crop rotation systems depleting and enriching the soil in organic matter. J Elementol 15(3):
593–600
21. Wallenstein MD, Weintraub MN (2008) Emerging tools for measuring and modelling the
in situ activity of soil extracellular enzymes. Biochem 40(9):2098–2106. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.soilbio.2008.01.024
22. Tabatai MA (1994) Soil enzymes. In: Weaver RW, Agnelr JS, Bottomley PS (eds) Methods
of soil analysis—part 2 microbiological and biochemical properties. Soil Science Society of
America, WI, pp 775–833. SSSA Book Series No. 5
23. Acosta-Martinez V, Cruz L, Sotomayor-Ramirez D, Perez-Alegria L (2007) Enzyme activities
as affected by soil properties and land use in a tropical watershed. App Soil Eco 35(1):35–45.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2006.05.012
24. Ghezzehei TA, Sulman B, Arnold CL, Bogie NA, Berhe AA (2019) On the role of soil water
retention characteristic on aerobic microbial respiration. Biogeosci 16(6):1187–1209. https://
doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1187-2019
25. Burns RG, DeForest JL, Marxsen J, Sinsabaugh RL et al (2013) Soil enzymes in a changing
environment: current knowledge and future directions. Soil Biol Biochem 58:216–234.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.11.009
26. Alvey S, Yang CH, Buerkert A, Crowley DE (2003) Cereal/legume rotation effects on
rhizosphere bacterial community structure in West African soils. Biol Fertil Soils 37:73–82.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-002-0573-2
27. Habig J, Swanepoel C (2015) Effects of conservation agriculture and fertilization on soil
microbial diversity and activity. Environments 2:358–384. https://doi.org/10.3390/
environments2030358
28. Zuber SM, Villamil MB (2016) Meta-analysis approach to assess effect of tillage on microbial
biomass and enzyme activities. Soil Biol Biochem 97:176–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
soilbio.2016.03.011
29. Tan X, Chang SX, Kabzems R (2008) Soil compaction and forest floor removal reduced
microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a boreal aspen forest soil. Biol Fertil Soils
44:471–479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-007-0229-3
30. Govaerts B, Mezzalama M, Unno Y et al (2007) Influence of tillage, residue management, and
crop rotation on soil microbial biomass and catabolic diversity. Appl Soil Ecol 37:18–30.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.03.006
31. Namli A, Baran A (2000) The effect of compaction on urease enzyme activity, carbon dioxide
evaluation and nitrogen mineralisation. Turkish J Agri 24(4):437–443
32. Curci M, Pizzigallo MDR, Crecchio C et al (1997) Effects of conventional tillage on
biochemical properties of soils. Biol Fertil Soils 25:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s003740050271
33. Makoi JHR, Ndakidemi PA (2008) Selected soil enzymes: examples of their potential roles in
the ecosystem. Afr J Biotechn. 7(3):181–191
34. Riah W, Laval K, Laroche-Aizenberg E, Mougin C et al (2014) Effects of pesticides on soil
enzymes: a review. Environ Chem Lett 12:257–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-0140458-2
35. Utobo EB, Tewari L (2014) Soil enzymes as bioindicators of soil ecosystem status. Appl Ecol
Environ Res 13:147–169. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1301_147169
36. Pandey D, Agrawal M, Bohra JS (2015) Assessment of soil quality under different tillage
practices during wheat cultivation: soil enzymes and microbial biomass. Chem Ecol 31:510–
523. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540.2015.1029462
Nitrogen Footprints and the Role …
151
climate change: effects on soil enzymes. Front Microbiol 4:146. https://doi.org/10.3389/
fmicb.2013.00146
20. Piotrowska A, Koper J (2010) Soil b-glucosidase activity under winter wheat cultivated in
crop rotation systems depleting and enriching the soil in organic matter. J Elementol 15(3):
593–600
21. Wallenstein MD, Weintraub MN (2008) Emerging tools for measuring and modelling the
in situ activity of soil extracellular enzymes. Biochem 40(9):2098–2106. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.soilbio.2008.01.024
22. Tabatai MA (1994) Soil enzymes. In: Weaver RW, Agnelr JS, Bottomley PS (eds) Methods
of soil analysis—part 2 microbiological and biochemical properties. Soil Science Society of
America, WI, pp 775–833. SSSA Book Series No. 5
23. Acosta-Martinez V, Cruz L, Sotomayor-Ramirez D, Perez-Alegria L (2007) Enzyme activities
as affected by soil properties and land use in a tropical watershed. App Soil Eco 35(1):35–45.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2006.05.012
24. Ghezzehei TA, Sulman B, Arnold CL, Bogie NA, Berhe AA (2019) On the role of soil water
retention characteristic on aerobic microbial respiration. Biogeosci 16(6):1187–1209. https://
doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1187-2019
25. Burns RG, DeForest JL, Marxsen J, Sinsabaugh RL et al (2013) Soil enzymes in a changing
environment: current knowledge and future directions. Soil Biol Biochem 58:216–234.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.11.009
26. Alvey S, Yang CH, Buerkert A, Crowley DE (2003) Cereal/legume rotation effects on
rhizosphere bacterial community structure in West African soils. Biol Fertil Soils 37:73–82.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-002-0573-2
27. Habig J, Swanepoel C (2015) Effects of conservation agriculture and fertilization on soil
microbial diversity and activity. Environments 2:358–384. https://doi.org/10.3390/
environments2030358
28. Zuber SM, Villamil MB (2016) Meta-analysis approach to assess effect of tillage on microbial
biomass and enzyme activities. Soil Biol Biochem 97:176–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
soilbio.2016.03.011
29. Tan X, Chang SX, Kabzems R (2008) Soil compaction and forest floor removal reduced
microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a boreal aspen forest soil. Biol Fertil Soils
44:471–479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-007-0229-3
30. Govaerts B, Mezzalama M, Unno Y et al (2007) Influence of tillage, residue management, and
crop rotation on soil microbial biomass and catabolic diversity. Appl Soil Ecol 37:18–30.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.03.006
31. Namli A, Baran A (2000) The effect of compaction on urease enzyme activity, carbon dioxide
evaluation and nitrogen mineralisation. Turkish J Agri 24(4):437–443
32. Curci M, Pizzigallo MDR, Crecchio C et al (1997) Effects of conventional tillage on
biochemical properties of soils. Biol Fertil Soils 25:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s003740050271
33. Makoi JHR, Ndakidemi PA (2008) Selected soil enzymes: examples of their potential roles in
the ecosystem. Afr J Biotechn. 7(3):181–191
34. Riah W, Laval K, Laroche-Aizenberg E, Mougin C et al (2014) Effects of pesticides on soil
enzymes: a review. Environ Chem Lett 12:257–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-0140458-2
35. Utobo EB, Tewari L (2014) Soil enzymes as bioindicators of soil ecosystem status. Appl Ecol
Environ Res 13:147–169. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1301_147169
36. Pandey D, Agrawal M, Bohra JS (2015) Assessment of soil quality under different tillage
practices during wheat cultivation: soil enzymes and microbial biomass. Chem Ecol 31:510–
523. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540.2015.1029462
Nitrogen Footprints and the Role …
151