feces. The risk of death can rise to 70% if there is no proper
treatment. There is an estimation of 1.3–4 million cases and
21,000–143,000 annual deaths globally [106]. There has been
good progress in the development of cholera vaccines. The killed
whole-cell cholera vaccine is now becoming an effective tool against
cholera. Currently two common vaccines for cholera which are
WHO prequalified are Dukoral and Shanchol. Dukoral comprises
inactivated whole-cell V. cholera with a recombinant B subunit of
cholera toxin. SANCHOL is a bivalent (Vibrio cholerae O1 and
O139) Indian whole-cell cholera vaccine [107]. Cholera becomes
more deadly during pregnancy and adversely affects the health of
pregnant women, and infection in pregnancy has been associated
with abortions and stillbirths. Cholera can be one of the reasons for
pregnancy loss, increasing the possibility 2–36% [108, 109]. Therefore it is important to take the necessary steps to treat this disease.
The treatment and prevention of it is possible with the help of a
Table 2
Development of whole-cell vaccines against various pathogens in pipeline
Pathogen
Diseases
Symptoms
References
Chlamydia
abortus
Ovine
enzootic
abortion
Abortion in sheep and goats
Birth of weak offspring
Utero infections
[91]
Chlamydia felis Conjunctivitis Inflammation of feline conjunctiva, rhinitis, and
respiratory problems
[92]
Chlamydia
pneumoniae
Pneumonia
Runny or stuffy nose, Fatigue, Low-grade fever,
hoarseness or loss of voice, sore throat, slowly
worsening cough
[93]
Salmonella
typhi
Typhoid
High fever, diarrhea, and vomiting
[32]
Vibrio cholerae Cholera
Loss of fluid electrolytes and severe dehydration
[94]
Yersinia pestis Plague
Abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting. Bleeding from
mouth, nose or rectum, or under the skin. Blackening
and death of tissue (gangrene) in extremities.
[95]
Bordetella
pertussis
Whole-cell
pertussis
Mild coughing, sneezing, runny nose, low fever
[96]
Influenza virus Influenza
High fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pains,
headache, coughing, sneezing, and tiredness
[97]
Polio virus
IPV
Muscle weakness, loss of muscle,
[98]
Hepatitis A
virus
Hepatitis A
Yellow eyes and skin, dark urine, Pain in the belly, loss of
appetite, nausea, fever, diarrhea, fatigue
[98]
Rabies virus
Rabies
Neurological problems and a fear of light and water
[99]
Whole-Cell Vaccine Preparation: Options and Perspectives
257
treatment. There is an estimation of 1.3–4 million cases and
21,000–143,000 annual deaths globally [106]. There has been
good progress in the development of cholera vaccines. The killed
whole-cell cholera vaccine is now becoming an effective tool against
cholera. Currently two common vaccines for cholera which are
WHO prequalified are Dukoral and Shanchol. Dukoral comprises
inactivated whole-cell V. cholera with a recombinant B subunit of
cholera toxin. SANCHOL is a bivalent (Vibrio cholerae O1 and
O139) Indian whole-cell cholera vaccine [107]. Cholera becomes
more deadly during pregnancy and adversely affects the health of
pregnant women, and infection in pregnancy has been associated
with abortions and stillbirths. Cholera can be one of the reasons for
pregnancy loss, increasing the possibility 2–36% [108, 109]. Therefore it is important to take the necessary steps to treat this disease.
The treatment and prevention of it is possible with the help of a
Table 2
Development of whole-cell vaccines against various pathogens in pipeline
Pathogen
Diseases
Symptoms
References
Chlamydia
abortus
Ovine
enzootic
abortion
Abortion in sheep and goats
Birth of weak offspring
Utero infections
[91]
Chlamydia felis Conjunctivitis Inflammation of feline conjunctiva, rhinitis, and
respiratory problems
[92]
Chlamydia
pneumoniae
Pneumonia
Runny or stuffy nose, Fatigue, Low-grade fever,
hoarseness or loss of voice, sore throat, slowly
worsening cough
[93]
Salmonella
typhi
Typhoid
High fever, diarrhea, and vomiting
[32]
Vibrio cholerae Cholera
Loss of fluid electrolytes and severe dehydration
[94]
Yersinia pestis Plague
Abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting. Bleeding from
mouth, nose or rectum, or under the skin. Blackening
and death of tissue (gangrene) in extremities.
[95]
Bordetella
pertussis
Whole-cell
pertussis
Mild coughing, sneezing, runny nose, low fever
[96]
Influenza virus Influenza
High fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pains,
headache, coughing, sneezing, and tiredness
[97]
Polio virus
IPV
Muscle weakness, loss of muscle,
[98]
Hepatitis A
virus
Hepatitis A
Yellow eyes and skin, dark urine, Pain in the belly, loss of
appetite, nausea, fever, diarrhea, fatigue
[98]
Rabies virus
Rabies
Neurological problems and a fear of light and water
[99]
Whole-Cell Vaccine Preparation: Options and Perspectives
257