l
The route of administration of the vaccine.
l
The immune status of the individuals being vaccinated, age, and
disease.
2 History of Vaccine Development
The history of vaccines and vaccination belongs to human efforts in
the prevention against disease in society (Table 1). It is assumed
that smallpox and other infectious diseases were known to ancient
people. The initial efforts for vaccine development were made for
smallpox as it was found that people affected with smallpox were
further protected from future infection of disease [3]. Today, initial
developments in vaccinology are attributed to the result of Edward
Jenner’s efforts of prevention of smallpox through inoculation of
people with cowpox virus [33]. The period between 1930 and
1950 was considered the transitional era in vaccine development,
and during this period chick embryos and minced tissues were used
for in vitro growth of viruses and rickettsiae for vaccine preparation.
Past studies have contributed to the development of effective vaccines as the availability of more information through the study of
natural infections, animal models, and seroepidemiology has led to
the development of vaccines [34]. Modern vaccinology started in
about 1950 following the considerable advancements made prior
to and during World War II. Its quest has been dependent on
research and development in microbiology, molecular biology, cell
culture, and immunology, which have contributed to develop many
live, killed, and the recombinant-expressed vaccines [33].
Though the vaccines have been successfully created for infectious diseases which are controlled by preexisting antibodies and for
other transmissible diseases, further immunological mechanisms
need to be developed for full protection. Nowadays, “new vaccines” are a particularly urgent requirement of society, where economic development, globalization, and immigration of people are
causing the appearance or reappearance of old and new infectious
agents [2]. Modern techniques of growth and maintenance of cell
culture, development of efficient fermentation processes, isolation
of proteins, and formulation of vaccines have enabled manufacturers to maintain purity, safety, and specificity.
Researchers have used novel technologies for the development
of vaccines. It is clear that development of vaccines has been led by
advancements in immunology, microbiology, and cell biology to
identify the protection mediated by antibodies and lymphocytes,
and selection of attenuated mutants during cell culture. Included in
this are outcomes of the experiments conducted in animals where
immune responses exhibited against natural infection were analyzed, which successfully led the way to develop vaccines [35],
Whole-Cell Vaccine Preparation: Options and Perspectives
251
The route of administration of the vaccine.
l
The immune status of the individuals being vaccinated, age, and
disease.
2 History of Vaccine Development
The history of vaccines and vaccination belongs to human efforts in
the prevention against disease in society (Table 1). It is assumed
that smallpox and other infectious diseases were known to ancient
people. The initial efforts for vaccine development were made for
smallpox as it was found that people affected with smallpox were
further protected from future infection of disease [3]. Today, initial
developments in vaccinology are attributed to the result of Edward
Jenner’s efforts of prevention of smallpox through inoculation of
people with cowpox virus [33]. The period between 1930 and
1950 was considered the transitional era in vaccine development,
and during this period chick embryos and minced tissues were used
for in vitro growth of viruses and rickettsiae for vaccine preparation.
Past studies have contributed to the development of effective vaccines as the availability of more information through the study of
natural infections, animal models, and seroepidemiology has led to
the development of vaccines [34]. Modern vaccinology started in
about 1950 following the considerable advancements made prior
to and during World War II. Its quest has been dependent on
research and development in microbiology, molecular biology, cell
culture, and immunology, which have contributed to develop many
live, killed, and the recombinant-expressed vaccines [33].
Though the vaccines have been successfully created for infectious diseases which are controlled by preexisting antibodies and for
other transmissible diseases, further immunological mechanisms
need to be developed for full protection. Nowadays, “new vaccines” are a particularly urgent requirement of society, where economic development, globalization, and immigration of people are
causing the appearance or reappearance of old and new infectious
agents [2]. Modern techniques of growth and maintenance of cell
culture, development of efficient fermentation processes, isolation
of proteins, and formulation of vaccines have enabled manufacturers to maintain purity, safety, and specificity.
Researchers have used novel technologies for the development
of vaccines. It is clear that development of vaccines has been led by
advancements in immunology, microbiology, and cell biology to
identify the protection mediated by antibodies and lymphocytes,
and selection of attenuated mutants during cell culture. Included in
this are outcomes of the experiments conducted in animals where
immune responses exhibited against natural infection were analyzed, which successfully led the way to develop vaccines [35],
Whole-Cell Vaccine Preparation: Options and Perspectives
251