52
J. Wu and H. Zhao
Table 2.1 Estimated result of fixed effect model
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
Model 4
China’s cities
Eastern cities
Central cities
Western cities
VARIABLES
ln CO 2
ln CO 2
ln CO 2
ln CO 2
d. ln CO 2
0.313***
0.158*
0.0704*
0.417***
(0.0433)
(0.0806)
(0.0396)
(0.0276)
lnP
0.196***
0.246***
0.229***
0.103
(0.0455)
(0.0675)
(0.0775)
(0.0696)
lnPGDP
−1.068***
2.702***
−0.940***
−1.461***
(0.273)
(0.632)
(0.348)
(0.161)
(lnPGDP) 2 .
0.0829***
-0.0946***
0.0850***
0.105***
(0.0150)
(0.0286)
(0.0163)
(0.0118)
lnSI
0.168*
0.0753
0.0660
000,997
(0.0914)
(0.271)
(0.0537)
(0.223)
lnTI
0.0882
0.516**
−0.0199
−0.200
(0.0919)
(0.247)
(0.0674)
(0.180)
lnFDI
−0.0333***
−0.0124
−0.00164
−0.0158
(0.00987)
(0.0157)
(0.0132)
(0.0132)
lnEI
0.611***
0.603***
0.825***
0.571***
(0.0645)
(0.114)
(0.0506)
(0.0782)
Constant
−0.400
−21.73***
−3.049
3.549**
(1.387)
(2.931)
(2.116)
(1.608)
Observations
1,584
616
605
363
R-squared
0.690
0.833
0.789
0.681
Number of id1
144
56
55
33
* represents significant level
***, **, * indicate significant at the level of 1%, 5%, and 10% respectively
found that the relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution is
characterized by U-shape, N-shape, monotonously rising, or monotonously falling
pattern, which challenges the validity of EKC hypothesis. For China’s urbanization,
how does urban per capita GDP correlate with carbon dioxide emissions? Does the
correlation show any regional characteristics? Answers to these questions help one
understand the impact mechanism of urbanization on carbon emissions.
The per capita GDP (mean value during period of observation) of China’s 144
prefecture-level cities was 461.1342 million yuan. Per capita GDP of the eastern
cities stood at 622.2829 million yuan, much higher than that of the central and
western cities, indicating the lead in economic development of the eastern cities
over their central and western counterparts. In addition, the standard deviation of
per capita GDP in eastern cities was registered at 43,455.07, the largest among the
J. Wu and H. Zhao
Table 2.1 Estimated result of fixed effect model
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
Model 4
China’s cities
Eastern cities
Central cities
Western cities
VARIABLES
ln CO 2
ln CO 2
ln CO 2
ln CO 2
d. ln CO 2
0.313***
0.158*
0.0704*
0.417***
(0.0433)
(0.0806)
(0.0396)
(0.0276)
lnP
0.196***
0.246***
0.229***
0.103
(0.0455)
(0.0675)
(0.0775)
(0.0696)
lnPGDP
−1.068***
2.702***
−0.940***
−1.461***
(0.273)
(0.632)
(0.348)
(0.161)
(lnPGDP) 2 .
0.0829***
-0.0946***
0.0850***
0.105***
(0.0150)
(0.0286)
(0.0163)
(0.0118)
lnSI
0.168*
0.0753
0.0660
000,997
(0.0914)
(0.271)
(0.0537)
(0.223)
lnTI
0.0882
0.516**
−0.0199
−0.200
(0.0919)
(0.247)
(0.0674)
(0.180)
lnFDI
−0.0333***
−0.0124
−0.00164
−0.0158
(0.00987)
(0.0157)
(0.0132)
(0.0132)
lnEI
0.611***
0.603***
0.825***
0.571***
(0.0645)
(0.114)
(0.0506)
(0.0782)
Constant
−0.400
−21.73***
−3.049
3.549**
(1.387)
(2.931)
(2.116)
(1.608)
Observations
1,584
616
605
363
R-squared
0.690
0.833
0.789
0.681
Number of id1
144
56
55
33
* represents significant level
***, **, * indicate significant at the level of 1%, 5%, and 10% respectively
found that the relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution is
characterized by U-shape, N-shape, monotonously rising, or monotonously falling
pattern, which challenges the validity of EKC hypothesis. For China’s urbanization,
how does urban per capita GDP correlate with carbon dioxide emissions? Does the
correlation show any regional characteristics? Answers to these questions help one
understand the impact mechanism of urbanization on carbon emissions.
The per capita GDP (mean value during period of observation) of China’s 144
prefecture-level cities was 461.1342 million yuan. Per capita GDP of the eastern
cities stood at 622.2829 million yuan, much higher than that of the central and
western cities, indicating the lead in economic development of the eastern cities
over their central and western counterparts. In addition, the standard deviation of
per capita GDP in eastern cities was registered at 43,455.07, the largest among the