waveguide basics, 284–285
waveguide interferometry and effective refractive
index, 285–287
reflection phenomena at interfaces, 278–280
evanescent waves, 279–280
TIR, 278–279
SPR, 280–284
angle, 280–281
generation, 280–281
instrument setup, 282–284
principles, 280–282
sensor, 281–282, 283
Thickness of films, obtaining, 273–274
Thin-film fluorescence measurements, 196–197
Thin films, 383–432
DNA and lipid microarrays, 420–428
Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films, 383–388
Langmuir film, 384–386, 384f, 385f
model phospholipid bilayers, 396–406
black lipid membranes, 397–398, 398f
fluorescence interference contrast microscopy,
405–406, 406f
fluorescence recovery after photobleaching,
403–404, 403f
fluorescence resonant energy transfer,
404–405, 404f–405f
polymer cushioned phospholipid bilayers,
402–403, 402f
solid supported lipid bilayers, 398–402,
399f–401f
solvent assisted lipid bilayer formation,
406
nanoscale hybrid photonics, 428–432
electro-optic effect, 429–430
organic–inorganic hybrid electro-optics, 430–431,
430f, 432f
overview, 383
patterning, 413–420
electron beam lithography, 414–416, 414f
nanolithography, 413
nanosphere lithography, 416–417
optical lithography, 414–416, 414f
soft lithography, 416, 416f
using AFM, 417–420
poled amorphous films, 411–413
poling, 411–413, 413f
spin-coating, 411, 412
polyelectrolytes, 389–396
charge reversal and interpenetration, 392–395
electrostatic self-assembly, 390–392, 391f,
392f, 393f
multilayer formation, 395–396
structures, 389f
self-assembled monolayers, 407–411
silanes on glass, 409–411, 409f–410f
thiols on gold, 407–409, 408f
Thiols, on gold, 407–409, 408f
Third law of thermodynamics, 44; see also Entropy, state
function
3D continuous flow microspotter (CFM) system,
428
Three-dimensional (3D) model, confinement of
electrons in boxes, 113–117, 118f
Index 495