TEM, see Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
Temkin isotherm, 241
Temperature
dependence
equilibrium constant, 54–55
rate constant, 74–75
nanomaterials and, 21–29
melting temperatures, 22–29
relative temperature fluctuation and
nanosystems, 22
size effects, 21–22
Tensiometry/tensiometer, surface, 255–259
basic setup, 255, 256f
density from force acting on plate, 257–259
example, 257
Wilhelmy plate method, 256, 257f
Theophrastus, 260
Thermodynamics, 17–60
entropy state function, second and third laws,
39–44
change of expanding gas, 40
classical interpretation, 39–41
statistical interpretation, 41–44
examples, 19, 20f, 22, 26–27, 30, 38–39, 40, 46, 59–60
first law of, 29–39
enthalpy, 38–39
heat exchange and heat capacity, 36
overview, 29
in terms of work and heat, 36–37
work, 29–35
Gibbs energy state function, 44–50
direction of spontaneous change, 44–46
melting temperatures from, 59–60
multicomponent systems and chemical potential,
49–50
surface tension and, 47–48
overview, 17
physical and chemical equilibria, 50–60
constant, 50–51
Gibbs energy and equilibrium constant,
relationship, 52–54
heterogeneous equilibria, 51–52
phase equilibria in bulk materials, 55–57
phase equilibria in nanoparticles, 57–60
temperature dependence of equilibrium
constant, 54–55
reversible and irreversible changes, 20–21
system and surroundings, 17–18
temperature and nanomaterials, 21–29
melting temperatures, 22–29
relative temperature fluctuation and
nanosystems, 22
size effects, 21–22
terminology, 17–21
variables, 18–19, 20f
Thickness, techniques for measuring, 278–290
DPI, 284–290
instrument and common applications,
289–290
overview, 284
principles, 287–289
494 Index
Temkin isotherm, 241
Temperature
dependence
equilibrium constant, 54–55
rate constant, 74–75
nanomaterials and, 21–29
melting temperatures, 22–29
relative temperature fluctuation and
nanosystems, 22
size effects, 21–22
Tensiometry/tensiometer, surface, 255–259
basic setup, 255, 256f
density from force acting on plate, 257–259
example, 257
Wilhelmy plate method, 256, 257f
Theophrastus, 260
Thermodynamics, 17–60
entropy state function, second and third laws,
39–44
change of expanding gas, 40
classical interpretation, 39–41
statistical interpretation, 41–44
examples, 19, 20f, 22, 26–27, 30, 38–39, 40, 46, 59–60
first law of, 29–39
enthalpy, 38–39
heat exchange and heat capacity, 36
overview, 29
in terms of work and heat, 36–37
work, 29–35
Gibbs energy state function, 44–50
direction of spontaneous change, 44–46
melting temperatures from, 59–60
multicomponent systems and chemical potential,
49–50
surface tension and, 47–48
overview, 17
physical and chemical equilibria, 50–60
constant, 50–51
Gibbs energy and equilibrium constant,
relationship, 52–54
heterogeneous equilibria, 51–52
phase equilibria in bulk materials, 55–57
phase equilibria in nanoparticles, 57–60
temperature dependence of equilibrium
constant, 54–55
reversible and irreversible changes, 20–21
system and surroundings, 17–18
temperature and nanomaterials, 21–29
melting temperatures, 22–29
relative temperature fluctuation and
nanosystems, 22
size effects, 21–22
terminology, 17–21
variables, 18–19, 20f
Thickness, techniques for measuring, 278–290
DPI, 284–290
instrument and common applications,
289–290
overview, 284
principles, 287–289
494 Index