Surface plasmon resonance (SPR), 259, 278, 280–284
angle, 280–281
generation, 280–281
instrument setup, 282–284, 282f
principles, 280–282, 281f
sensor, 281–282, 283
Surface plasmon resonance angle (q spr ), 280–281
Surfaces, electrostatic forces between, 156–162
Debye length, 159–160
electrical double layer, 157–159
interactions between charged surfaces in liquid,
160–162
overview, 156
Surface-sensitive spectroscopic methods, 290–294
ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, 290–292
attenuated total reflection IR spectroscopy,
290–292
RAIRS, 292
reflection absorption IR spectroscopy, 292
SERS, 293–294
surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,
293–294
Surface tensiometry (surface tensiometer),
255–259, 256f
capillary tube, 255, 256f
density measurement from force acting on plate
(example), 257–259
Wilhelmy plate method, 256–257, 257f
Surface tension
of air–water interface, 246–247
of aqueous CTAB solutions, 247–248
calculation, 255–256
capillary tube, 255, 256f
density measurement from force acting on plate
(example), 257–259
Wilhelmy plate method, 256–257, 257f
critical, 224
defined, 218
Gibbs energy and, 47–48
measurements, 219, 246–247, 255–259
surfactants, 241
values of pure liquids, 222t
Surfactant chemistry, 241–250
example, 249–250
micelle and microemulsion formation, 243–246
overview, 241–243
surface excess, determination of, 246–250
Surroundings, defined, 17–18
Susceptibilities, first-, second-, and third-order,
296, 298
SUVs, see Small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs)
Synge, Edward, 324
Systems
closed, 18
defined, 17
isolated, 17–18
open, 18
T
Tapping-mode AFM, 315–316
Teflon, 397
Index 493