Pauli exclusion principle, 111
two- and three-dimensional models,
113–117, 118f
examples, 98, 99, 106–107, 108–109, 110,
111–112, 120–121, 123, 125, 126–127
mechanical tunneling, 128–130
defined, 128
harmonic oscillator, implications for, 129–130
implications of finite energy barriers, 128–129
mechanics, overview, 97–104
bound systems and quantization, 99–101
electromagnetic radiation, 97–98
matter waves and uncertainty principle, 98–99
Schrödinger equation, 102–104
wavefunction, 101–102
nanomaterials, confinement in, 96
nanoscale confinement, 118–121
overview, 117, 118
ring model, particle on, 118–121
sphere model, particle in, 121
overview, 95–96
quantization
rotational motion, rigid rotator, 125–127
vibrational motion, harmonic oscillator, 122–125
Quantum effects, on conductivity of nanowires, 366–367
Quantum mechanics, 95
Quantum number, vibrational, 123
Quantum well superlattices, 96
Quantum wire, 96
Quantum yield, fluorescence, 194–196
Quarter-wave plate, 276–277
Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), 259–265, 401
defined, 259
detection limits (example), 262
examples, 262
overview, 259
piezoelectric effect, 259–261
principles, 261–262, 261f
Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation
monitoring (QCM-D), 259, 263–264,
284, 401
detection limits (example), 262
modern setup, 264–265, 265f
R
RAIRS, see Reflection absorption IR spectroscopy
(RAIRS)
Raman scattering, 202–203, 293–294
Raman spectroscopy, 203–204, 351
SERS, 293–294
Raster pattern, STM, 313
Rate constant
defined, 65
diffusion-controlled, 91–92
temperature dependence of, 74–75
Rate laws
integrated, 71–73
reaction orders and, 65–70
Rate-limiting/rate-determining step, 78, 86
Rates, of chemical reactions, 63–73
486 Index
two- and three-dimensional models,
113–117, 118f
examples, 98, 99, 106–107, 108–109, 110,
111–112, 120–121, 123, 125, 126–127
mechanical tunneling, 128–130
defined, 128
harmonic oscillator, implications for, 129–130
implications of finite energy barriers, 128–129
mechanics, overview, 97–104
bound systems and quantization, 99–101
electromagnetic radiation, 97–98
matter waves and uncertainty principle, 98–99
Schrödinger equation, 102–104
wavefunction, 101–102
nanomaterials, confinement in, 96
nanoscale confinement, 118–121
overview, 117, 118
ring model, particle on, 118–121
sphere model, particle in, 121
overview, 95–96
quantization
rotational motion, rigid rotator, 125–127
vibrational motion, harmonic oscillator, 122–125
Quantum effects, on conductivity of nanowires, 366–367
Quantum mechanics, 95
Quantum number, vibrational, 123
Quantum well superlattices, 96
Quantum wire, 96
Quantum yield, fluorescence, 194–196
Quarter-wave plate, 276–277
Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), 259–265, 401
defined, 259
detection limits (example), 262
examples, 262
overview, 259
piezoelectric effect, 259–261
principles, 261–262, 261f
Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation
monitoring (QCM-D), 259, 263–264,
284, 401
detection limits (example), 262
modern setup, 264–265, 265f
R
RAIRS, see Reflection absorption IR spectroscopy
(RAIRS)
Raman scattering, 202–203, 293–294
Raman spectroscopy, 203–204, 351
SERS, 293–294
Raster pattern, STM, 313
Rate constant
defined, 65
diffusion-controlled, 91–92
temperature dependence of, 74–75
Rate laws
integrated, 71–73
reaction orders and, 65–70
Rate-limiting/rate-determining step, 78, 86
Rates, of chemical reactions, 63–73
486 Index