Phase equilibria
in bulk materials, 55–57
in nanoparticles, 57–60
Phase matching, defined, 305
Phenol blue, excited state of, 174
Phonon, 353
Phosphorescence, 188
Photodynamic therapy, 364, 364f
Photolithography (optical lithography), 414–416,
414f, 428
Photomultiplier tube, 197
Photon correlation spectroscopy, 207–211
Photon energies, combining, 297–298
Photon energy, 348–349
Photonics, nanoscale hybrid, 428–432
electro-optic effect, 429–430
organic–inorganic hybrid electro-optics,
430–431, 430f, 432f
Photons, defined, 97
Photoquenching equations, 349
Photorelaxation, 351–353
Photovoltaic cells (solar cells), 344–347, 345f–347f
dye-sensitized, 347, 347f
fill factor, 345
light-emitting diode, 346
maximum voltage (open-circuit voltage, V OC ),
344–345
Physical and chemical equilibria, 50–60
constant, 50–51
Gibbs energy and, relationship, 52–54
temperature dependence of, 54–55
heterogeneous equilibria, 51–52
phase equilibria
in bulk materials, 55–57
in nanoparticles, 57–60
Physisorption
chemisorption and, 232, 233–234
defined, 231
one-dimensional Lennard-Jones potential energy
curve, 233–234
Piezoelectric effect
applications, 260–261
converse, 260
direct, 260
historical perspectives, 259–260
QCM and, 259–261
Piezoelectricity, 260
in QCM system, 261–262, 261f
Piezoelectric transducers, STM, 311–312
Piranha etch solution, 409
“Pixel-by-pixel” ellipsometric data, 309
Planck’s constant, 97
Planck’s equation, 164
Plane-polarized light, 268–269, 269f
Planes, nodal, 117
Plasmonic–organic hybrid modulator, 432
P–N junction, 345–346
Pockels effect, 429
Poisson–Boltzmann equation, 158, 159, 160
Polarizability
of atoms and molecules, 143t
Index 483
in bulk materials, 55–57
in nanoparticles, 57–60
Phase matching, defined, 305
Phenol blue, excited state of, 174
Phonon, 353
Phosphorescence, 188
Photodynamic therapy, 364, 364f
Photolithography (optical lithography), 414–416,
414f, 428
Photomultiplier tube, 197
Photon correlation spectroscopy, 207–211
Photon energies, combining, 297–298
Photon energy, 348–349
Photonics, nanoscale hybrid, 428–432
electro-optic effect, 429–430
organic–inorganic hybrid electro-optics,
430–431, 430f, 432f
Photons, defined, 97
Photoquenching equations, 349
Photorelaxation, 351–353
Photovoltaic cells (solar cells), 344–347, 345f–347f
dye-sensitized, 347, 347f
fill factor, 345
light-emitting diode, 346
maximum voltage (open-circuit voltage, V OC ),
344–345
Physical and chemical equilibria, 50–60
constant, 50–51
Gibbs energy and, relationship, 52–54
temperature dependence of, 54–55
heterogeneous equilibria, 51–52
phase equilibria
in bulk materials, 55–57
in nanoparticles, 57–60
Physisorption
chemisorption and, 232, 233–234
defined, 231
one-dimensional Lennard-Jones potential energy
curve, 233–234
Piezoelectric effect
applications, 260–261
converse, 260
direct, 260
historical perspectives, 259–260
QCM and, 259–261
Piezoelectricity, 260
in QCM system, 261–262, 261f
Piezoelectric transducers, STM, 311–312
Piranha etch solution, 409
“Pixel-by-pixel” ellipsometric data, 309
Planck’s constant, 97
Planck’s equation, 164
Plane-polarized light, 268–269, 269f
Planes, nodal, 117
Plasmonic–organic hybrid modulator, 432
P–N junction, 345–346
Pockels effect, 429
Poisson–Boltzmann equation, 158, 159, 160
Polarizability
of atoms and molecules, 143t
Index 483