interactions between charged surfaces in liquid,
160–162
overview, 156
examples, 136, 143–144
forces and aggregation, 162–164
hydrogen bonds, 154, 155f
hydrophobic effect, 154, 155–156
induced dipoles, 142–144
ion–dipole interactions, 137–140
ion–ion interactions, 135–137
overlap repulsion, 149–152
overview, 133–135
total intermolecular potentials, 152–153
Intermolecular potentials, defined, 134
Internal energy, 18, 19, 36, 37, 38
Internal reflection element (IRE), 291
International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials, 5
Interpenetration, polyelectrolytes, 392–396
Interpretation, entropy
classical, 39–41
statistical, 41–44
Intrinsic compensation, 394
Introduction to Modern Optics, 267
Inversion symmetry, 298, 299–300, 301f
In vivo imaging, with QDs, 362–364, 362f, 363f
Ion–dipole interactions, 137–140
Ion–ion interactions, 135–137
IRE, see Internal reflection element (IRE)
Irreversible changes, 20–21
Irreversible expansive work, 30–31, 32–33
Isobaric process, 18
Isothermal process, 18
Isotherms, adsorption, 235–241
J
Journal of Chemical Education, 3
J-type aggregation, 175–176
K
Kinetic energy
collision theory, 75–76
first law of thermodynamics, 29
Hamiltonian operator, 102
quantization of energy, 99
ring model, 119
rotational, 125
temperature and, 21, 74, 75–76
two-dimensional kinetic energy operator, 113
Kinetics and transport, 63–92
bimolecular binding kinetics, 81–86
cooperativity of binding, 84–86
reversible binding, 81–84
Scatchard and Hill equations, 84–86
chemical reactions, rates, 63–73
integrated rate laws, 71–73
laws and reaction orders, 65–70
overview, 63–65
reversible reactions, 70, 71f
474 Index
160–162
overview, 156
examples, 136, 143–144
forces and aggregation, 162–164
hydrogen bonds, 154, 155f
hydrophobic effect, 154, 155–156
induced dipoles, 142–144
ion–dipole interactions, 137–140
ion–ion interactions, 135–137
overlap repulsion, 149–152
overview, 133–135
total intermolecular potentials, 152–153
Intermolecular potentials, defined, 134
Internal energy, 18, 19, 36, 37, 38
Internal reflection element (IRE), 291
International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials, 5
Interpenetration, polyelectrolytes, 392–396
Interpretation, entropy
classical, 39–41
statistical, 41–44
Intrinsic compensation, 394
Introduction to Modern Optics, 267
Inversion symmetry, 298, 299–300, 301f
In vivo imaging, with QDs, 362–364, 362f, 363f
Ion–dipole interactions, 137–140
Ion–ion interactions, 135–137
IRE, see Internal reflection element (IRE)
Irreversible changes, 20–21
Irreversible expansive work, 30–31, 32–33
Isobaric process, 18
Isothermal process, 18
Isotherms, adsorption, 235–241
J
Journal of Chemical Education, 3
J-type aggregation, 175–176
K
Kinetic energy
collision theory, 75–76
first law of thermodynamics, 29
Hamiltonian operator, 102
quantization of energy, 99
ring model, 119
rotational, 125
temperature and, 21, 74, 75–76
two-dimensional kinetic energy operator, 113
Kinetics and transport, 63–92
bimolecular binding kinetics, 81–86
cooperativity of binding, 84–86
reversible binding, 81–84
Scatchard and Hill equations, 84–86
chemical reactions, rates, 63–73
integrated rate laws, 71–73
laws and reaction orders, 65–70
overview, 63–65
reversible reactions, 70, 71f
474 Index