Horizontal ATR (HATR), 292
H-type aggregation, 175–176
Hybrid electro-optics, organic-inorganic, 430–431,
430f, 432f
Mach–Zehnder electro-optic modulator, 430–431,
430f
plasmonic–organic hybrid modulator, 432
Hybridization, 421
Hydrogen bonds, intermolecular interaction, 154, 155f
Hydrophilic surfaces, 224–225, 241
Hydrophobic effect, 154, 155–156
Hydrophobic surfaces, 224–225, 228, 241–243
Hydrophobic tail, 241, 242, 243
Hyperpolarizability, 296
defined, 296
first order, 301
ground-state property, 299
nonzero molecular, 298
Hypsochromic shift, defined, 173–174
Hysteresis, contact angle, 223
I
Illumination-collection mode, NSOM probe, 325, 326f
Image focusing, imaging ellipsometry and, 310
Imaging, nanostructures, see Nanoimaging methods
Imaging ellipsometer, resolution for, 310–311, 310f
Imaging ellipsometry
conventional ellipsometry, 308
ellipsometric data extraction methods, 309
image focusing, 310
modern, principles, 308–309
resolution for imaging ellipsometer, 310–311, 310f
Imaging nanostructures, 308–329; see also Surface
characterization and imaging methods
ellipsometry, 308–311
conventional, 308
extracting ellipsometric data, 309
image focusing, 310
principles, 308–309
resolution, 310–311
NSOM, 323–329
defined, 323
history and principles, 324
instrumentation and operating modes, 324–329
overview, 323–324
SEM images, 324–325
overview, 308
scanning probe methods, 311–317
AFM, 311, 315–317, 318f
examples, 313
STM, 311–314
TEM, 317–323
defined, 318
instrumentation, 321–323
overview, 317, 318–319
principles, 319–321
Implications
finite energy barriers, 128–129
harmonic oscillator, 129–130
Incident beam, defined, 269
472 Index