resonant energy transfer, 353
trivial mechanism of, 353
Excitation wavelengths, defined, 194
Excited states
energy, 183–185, 188
phenol blue, 174
virtual, 201–202, 203
Exciton(s)
formation and properties, 353–358
Frenkel, 355
overview, 353–356
propagation (example), 357–358
size (example), 356–357
Wannier–Mott, 355
Exciton theory, 176
Extended nanosystems, defined, 10
Extensive variables, thermodynamic,
18–19
Extinction coefficient
defined, 189
material, 189–190
Extinction index, 187
Extracting ellipsometric data, 309
Extrinsic compensation, 394
F
Face-to-face arrangement, 175–176
Farfield Group Ltd, 289
Fermi–Dirac distribution, 343
Ferroelectric materials, 296
FET, see Field-effect transistors (FET)
Fibrous hydrophobic surfaces, 228
Fick’s first law of diffusion, 87
Field-effect transistors (FET), 347–348, 348f
Finite energy barriers, implications,
128–129
First law of thermodynamics, 29–39
enthalpy, 38–39
heat exchange and heat capacity, 36
overview, 29
in terms of work and heat, 36–37
work, 29–35
irreversible expansive, 30–31, 32–33
path function, 35
reversible expansive, 30–33
state functions, 35
stretching of DNA strand, 34–35
two-dimensional monolayer, compression,
33–34
Fischer–Tropsch process, 78
FLIC, see Fluorescence interference contrast
microscopy (FLIC)
Fluorescence, 421
process, 188
x-ray, 212–213
Fluorescence interference contrast microscopy (FLIC),
213, 405–406, 406f
Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP),
213, 403–404, 403f
Index 469