conservation of, 29
curve, one-dimensional Lennard-Jones potential,
233–234
DOE, 5
electron in one-dimensional nanoscale region,
165–166
Gibbs energy state function, see Gibbs energy
state function
internal, 19
levels
butadiene, 171, 172f
ethylene, 170–171
hexatriene, 166–167
linear conjugated hydrocarbons, 171, 172f
rigid rotator, 126, 127f
vibrational, 124
quantization of, 99–101
Rydberg, 100
spacing, 112
states
molecules, 183–185
wavefunction, 105–106, 106f
surface
free energy of adsorbed monolayers, 219–223
of solids and liquids, 218–219
transitions, 111
rotational, 126–127
vibrational, 124, 125
Enthalpy, 38–39
Entropy
electrical double layer, 158
hydrophobic effect and, 155–156
state function, 39–44
change of expanding gas, 40
classical interpretation, 39–41
statistical interpretation, 41–44
Equilibrium, physical and chemical, 50–60
constant, 50–51
Gibbs energy and, relationship, 52–54
temperature dependence of, 54–55
heterogeneous, 51–52
phase equilibria
in bulk materials, 55–57
in nanoparticles, 57–60
ESA, see Electrostatic self-assembly (ESA)
Escherichia coli (E. coli), 420, 424
Ethyl acetate, hydrolysis, 77
Ethylene
conjugated organic molecules, 170, 171f
linear structure, 299
Euler’s relationship, 267
Evanescent waves, 279–280, 291
Excess, surface, 246–250
Exchange, heat, 36
Excitation transfer, functional nanomaterials, 348–358
excitons, formation and properties, 353–358
functional dye assemblies, 348–351, 349f–350f
overview, 348
photorelaxation, 351–353
468 Index