Chemical reactions, rates of, 63–73
integrated rate laws, 71–73
overview, 63–65
rate laws and reaction orders, 65–70
reversible reactions, 70, 71f
Chemical vapor deposition, carbon nanotubes, 374–375
Chemisorption
defined, 231
one-dimensional Lennard-Jones potential energy
curve, 233–234
physisorption and, 232, 233–234
SAMs, formation, 231–232
Chemist’s convention, defined, 138
Chloroform, 231
Chromophores
defined, 189
NLO, 298–299, 301–304
number density, 298
Circularly polarized light, 269, 270, 270f
Cladding regions, defined, 284
Classical interpretation, entropy, 39–41
Classical limit, approaching, 109–110
Classical physics, 95
Clausius–Clapeyron equation, 57
Clausius–Mossotti equation, 147, 295
Collision frequency, defined, 87
Collision theory, 75–77
Column chromatography, purification
technique of, 141
Complex exponential function, 266–267
Complex refractive index, 186–187
Concentration fluctuation factor, 206–207
Conduction band (CB), 341
Conductor, 342, 343f
Confinement
electrons in boxes, 104–117
classical limit, approaching, 109–110
degeneracy, concept of, 113–117, 118f
freely moving electrons on nanowire,
111–112
Hamiltonian operator, 105, 107
line segment model, 108
normalization of wavefunction, 101, 106–109
one-dimensional model, 104–113
particle-on-a-line model, 110
Pauli exclusion principle, 111
two- and three-dimensional models,
113–117, 118f
nanoscale, 118–121
overview, 118, 118
ring model, particle on, 118–121
sphere model, particle in, 121
quantum, 96
Conformational entropy, 44
Conjugation, in organic molecules, 170–173
Conjugation length, 170
Conservation of energy, 29
Constant-current STM, 313
Constant-height STM, 313
Constructive and destructive interference, 213
Index 463