326 M. LUOMI
basis for regional-level cooperation and a more representative engagement
in the UNFCCC as well through the Arab Group. The interpretation
of what being a ‘developing country’ in the UNFCCC entails has in
some cases generated obstacles to a more proactive approach to ambitious climate action. While this is an issue that generates strong feelings,
many developing countries, including Morocco, have demonstrated that
taking on a more proactive role in the UNFCCC is not a slippery slope
to further obligations but can facilitate important strategic interests, as in
the case of Morocco and its role as a crucial intermediary between Europe
and Africa.
Notes
1. Mostafa K. Tolba and Najib W. Saab, Arab Environment: Climate Change:
Impact of Climate Change on Arab Countries (Beirut: Arab Forum for
Environment and Development), ix.
2. See, e.g., the ‘RICCAR’ Arab Climate Change Assessment Report project
by UNESCWA.
3. Germanwatch, IndyACT and tcktcktck, ‘Saudi Arabien schwächt die Position der Entwicklungsländer auf den UN-Klimaverhandlungen’, press
release, 8 October 2009, https://germanwatch.org/de/2163.
4. IISD Reporting Services, ‘Summary of the Katowice Climate Change
Conference’, Earth Negotiations Bulletin 12, No. 747, 18 December
2018, http://enb.iisd.org/vol12/enb12747e.html; see also Claire Stam,
‘UN Climate Talks End Amid Major Questioning of Landmark 1.5C
IPCC Report’, Euractiv, 28 June 2019, https://www.euractiv.com/sec
tion/climate-environment/news/un-climate-talks-end-amid-major-questi
oning-of-landmark-1-5c-ipcc-report/.
5. Data for Palestine was not available. Total GHG Emissions Including
Land-Use Change and Forestry—2014. World Resources Institute, CAIT
Climate Data Explorer, accessed in August 2019, http://cait.wri.org/his
torical/.
6. Richard Heede, ‘Tracing Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide and Methane
Emissions to Fossil Fuel and Cement Producers, 1854–2010’, Climatic
Change 122, Nos. 1–2, January 2014, https://link.springer.com/article/
10.1007/s10584-013-0986-y.
7. Robert D. Putnam, ‘Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of TwoLevel Games’, International Organization 42, No. 3, Summer 1988, 434.
8. Ibid.
9. International Monetary Fund, Economic Diversification in Oil-Exporting
Arab Countries, Manama, April 2016, 8.
basis for regional-level cooperation and a more representative engagement
in the UNFCCC as well through the Arab Group. The interpretation
of what being a ‘developing country’ in the UNFCCC entails has in
some cases generated obstacles to a more proactive approach to ambitious climate action. While this is an issue that generates strong feelings,
many developing countries, including Morocco, have demonstrated that
taking on a more proactive role in the UNFCCC is not a slippery slope
to further obligations but can facilitate important strategic interests, as in
the case of Morocco and its role as a crucial intermediary between Europe
and Africa.
Notes
1. Mostafa K. Tolba and Najib W. Saab, Arab Environment: Climate Change:
Impact of Climate Change on Arab Countries (Beirut: Arab Forum for
Environment and Development), ix.
2. See, e.g., the ‘RICCAR’ Arab Climate Change Assessment Report project
by UNESCWA.
3. Germanwatch, IndyACT and tcktcktck, ‘Saudi Arabien schwächt die Position der Entwicklungsländer auf den UN-Klimaverhandlungen’, press
release, 8 October 2009, https://germanwatch.org/de/2163.
4. IISD Reporting Services, ‘Summary of the Katowice Climate Change
Conference’, Earth Negotiations Bulletin 12, No. 747, 18 December
2018, http://enb.iisd.org/vol12/enb12747e.html; see also Claire Stam,
‘UN Climate Talks End Amid Major Questioning of Landmark 1.5C
IPCC Report’, Euractiv, 28 June 2019, https://www.euractiv.com/sec
tion/climate-environment/news/un-climate-talks-end-amid-major-questi
oning-of-landmark-1-5c-ipcc-report/.
5. Data for Palestine was not available. Total GHG Emissions Including
Land-Use Change and Forestry—2014. World Resources Institute, CAIT
Climate Data Explorer, accessed in August 2019, http://cait.wri.org/his
torical/.
6. Richard Heede, ‘Tracing Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide and Methane
Emissions to Fossil Fuel and Cement Producers, 1854–2010’, Climatic
Change 122, Nos. 1–2, January 2014, https://link.springer.com/article/
10.1007/s10584-013-0986-y.
7. Robert D. Putnam, ‘Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of TwoLevel Games’, International Organization 42, No. 3, Summer 1988, 434.
8. Ibid.
9. International Monetary Fund, Economic Diversification in Oil-Exporting
Arab Countries, Manama, April 2016, 8.