288 L.-C. SIM
3. See Robin Mills, “Overview: Creating a Low Carbon Economy,” Middle
East Economic Digest: Energy in the 21st Century (2019), p. 8, https://
www.meedmashreqindustryinsight.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/
Mashreq_Energy-Report_Middle-East-Energy-in-21st-Century.pdf.
4. IAEA, Energy, Electricity and Nuclear Power Estimates for the Period Up
to 2050 (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 2018), https://
www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/RDS-1-38_web.pdf.
5. Michaja Pehl et al., “Understanding Future Emissions from Low-Carbon
Power Systems by Integration of Life-Cycle Assessment and Integrated
Energy Modelling,” Nature Energy 2 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1038/
s41560-017-0032-9; and Tianyi Luo, Arjun Krishnaswami, and Xinyue
Li, A Methodology to Estimate Water Demand for Thermal Power Plants
in Data-Scarce Regions Using Satellite Images (Washington, DC: World
Resources Institute, 2018), https://www.wri.org/publication/method
ology-estimate-water-demand-thermal-power-plants-data-scarce-regions.
6. Tristan Volpe and Nicholas Miller, Geostrategic Nuclear Exports: The
Competition for Influence in Saudi Arabia (Washington, DC: Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace, 2018), https://carnegieendowment.
org/2018/02/07/geostrategic-nuclear-exports-competition-for-influe
nce-in-saudi-arabia-pub-75472.
7. Adeel Malik, “A Pyramid of Privilege: Crony Capitalism in the Middle
East,” accessed 19 September 2019; Tim Niblock and Monica Malik, The
Political Economy of Saudi Arabia (London: Routledge, 2007), p. 19.
8. See, for example, Geert Verbong and Frank Geels, “The Ongoing Energy
Transition: Lessons from a Socio-Technical, Multi-Level Analysis of the
Dutch Electricity System (1960–2004),” Energy Policy 35 (2007); Karoline S. Rogge, Benjamin Pfluger, and Frank Geels, Transformative Policy
Mixes in Sociotechnical Scenarios: The Case of the Low Carbon Transition of the German Electricity System (2010–2050) (Germany: Fraunhofer,
2017), https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/167650/1/896044
947.pdf.
9. See, for example, Bernhard Brand and Thomas Fink, “Renewable
Energy Expansion in the MENA Region: A Review of Concepts
and Indicators for a Transition Towards Sustainable Energy Supply”
(paper presented at the 4th Asia-Africa Sustainable Energy Forum,
Oran, Algeria 2014), https://epub.wupperinst.org/frontdoor/index/
index/docId/5421; Muatasim Ismaeel, “Transformation Toward Clean
Energy in the Middle East: A Multilevel Perspective,” in Climate Change
and Energy Dynamics in the Middle East, ed. H. Qudrat-Ullah and A.
Kayal (Cham: Springer, 2019); Katrine Wiulsrød Ratikainen, “Transitioning to Renewable Energy in Saudi Arabia: A Multi-Level Perspective
Analysis of the Saudi Renewable Energy Policies” (University of Oslo,
2017), https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/58462/Rat
3. See Robin Mills, “Overview: Creating a Low Carbon Economy,” Middle
East Economic Digest: Energy in the 21st Century (2019), p. 8, https://
www.meedmashreqindustryinsight.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/
Mashreq_Energy-Report_Middle-East-Energy-in-21st-Century.pdf.
4. IAEA, Energy, Electricity and Nuclear Power Estimates for the Period Up
to 2050 (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 2018), https://
www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/RDS-1-38_web.pdf.
5. Michaja Pehl et al., “Understanding Future Emissions from Low-Carbon
Power Systems by Integration of Life-Cycle Assessment and Integrated
Energy Modelling,” Nature Energy 2 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1038/
s41560-017-0032-9; and Tianyi Luo, Arjun Krishnaswami, and Xinyue
Li, A Methodology to Estimate Water Demand for Thermal Power Plants
in Data-Scarce Regions Using Satellite Images (Washington, DC: World
Resources Institute, 2018), https://www.wri.org/publication/method
ology-estimate-water-demand-thermal-power-plants-data-scarce-regions.
6. Tristan Volpe and Nicholas Miller, Geostrategic Nuclear Exports: The
Competition for Influence in Saudi Arabia (Washington, DC: Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace, 2018), https://carnegieendowment.
org/2018/02/07/geostrategic-nuclear-exports-competition-for-influe
nce-in-saudi-arabia-pub-75472.
7. Adeel Malik, “A Pyramid of Privilege: Crony Capitalism in the Middle
East,” accessed 19 September 2019; Tim Niblock and Monica Malik, The
Political Economy of Saudi Arabia (London: Routledge, 2007), p. 19.
8. See, for example, Geert Verbong and Frank Geels, “The Ongoing Energy
Transition: Lessons from a Socio-Technical, Multi-Level Analysis of the
Dutch Electricity System (1960–2004),” Energy Policy 35 (2007); Karoline S. Rogge, Benjamin Pfluger, and Frank Geels, Transformative Policy
Mixes in Sociotechnical Scenarios: The Case of the Low Carbon Transition of the German Electricity System (2010–2050) (Germany: Fraunhofer,
2017), https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/167650/1/896044
947.pdf.
9. See, for example, Bernhard Brand and Thomas Fink, “Renewable
Energy Expansion in the MENA Region: A Review of Concepts
and Indicators for a Transition Towards Sustainable Energy Supply”
(paper presented at the 4th Asia-Africa Sustainable Energy Forum,
Oran, Algeria 2014), https://epub.wupperinst.org/frontdoor/index/
index/docId/5421; Muatasim Ismaeel, “Transformation Toward Clean
Energy in the Middle East: A Multilevel Perspective,” in Climate Change
and Energy Dynamics in the Middle East, ed. H. Qudrat-Ullah and A.
Kayal (Cham: Springer, 2019); Katrine Wiulsrød Ratikainen, “Transitioning to Renewable Energy in Saudi Arabia: A Multi-Level Perspective
Analysis of the Saudi Renewable Energy Policies” (University of Oslo,
2017), https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/58462/Rat