VI Contents
5.3
Nanostructures Related to Compounds with Layered Structures 89
5.3.1 Carbon- and Boron-Nitride-Based Nanoparticles 89
5.3.2 Nanotubes, Nanorods, and Nanoplates from Materials other than
Carbon 97
5.3.3 Polymer Composites Filled with Defoliated Phyllosilicates 101
5.3.4 Synthesis of Nanotubes, Nanorods, and Fullerenes 102
References 110
6
Nanofluids 111
6.1
Background 111
6.2
Nanofluids for Improved Heat Transfer 111
6.3
Ferrofluids 113
6.3.1 Properties of Ferrofluids 113
6.3.2 Applications of Ferrofluids 117
References 119
7
Thermodynamics of Nanoparticles and Phase Transformations 121
7.1
Basic Considerations 121
7.2
Influence of the Particle Size on Thermodynamic Properties and Phase
Transformations 121
7.3
Thermal Instabilities Connected to Phase Transformations 132
7.4
Heat Capacity of Nanoparticles 141
References 144
8
Magnetic Nanomaterials, Superparamagnetism 147
8.1
Magnetic Materials 147
8.2
Fundamentals of Superparamagnetism 152
8.3
Susceptibility of Superparamagnetic Materials 162
8.4
Superparamagnetic Particles in the Mößbauer Spectrum 163
8.5
Applications of Superparamagnetic Materials 168
8.6
Exchange-Coupled Magnetic Nanoparticles 173
References 178
9
Optical Properties 181
9.1
General Remarks 181
9.2
Adjustment of the Index of Refraction and Visually Transparent UV
Absorbers 181
9.3
Size-Dependent Optical Properties – Quantum Confinement 184
9.4
Semiconducting Particles in the Quantum-Confinement Range 189
9.5
Metallic Nanoparticles – Plasmon Resonance 197
9.6
Luminescent Nanocomposites 200
9.7
Selection of a Lumophore or Absorber 213
9.8
Electroluminescence 215
9.9
Photochromic and Electrochromic Materials 219
9.9.1 General Considerations 219