Contents
Preface IX
1
Introduction 1
2
Nanoparticles – Nanocomposites 7
2.1
Nanoparticles 7
2.2
Elementary Consequences of Small Particle Size 13
2.2.1 Surface of Nanoparticles 13
2.2.2 Thermal Phenomena 15
2.2.3 Diffusion Scaling Law 17
References 20
3
Surfaces in Nanomaterials 21
3.1
General Considerations 21
3.2
Surface Energy 23
3.3
Vapor Pressure of Small Particles 30
3.4
Hypothetical Nanomotors Driven by Surface Energy 35
References 38
4
Gas-Phase Synthesis of Nanoparticles 39
4.1
Fundamental Considerations 39
4.2
Inert-Gas Condensation Process 47
4.3
Physical and Chemical Vapor Synthesis Processes 48
4.4
Laser-Ablation Process 52
4.5
Plasma Processes 55
4.5.1 Microwave Plasma Processes 55
4.5.2 RF and DC Plasma Processes 63
4.6
Flame Processes 67
4.7
Synthesis of Coated Particles 72
References 76
5
One- and Two-Dimensional Nanoparticles 79
5.1
Basic Considerations 79
5.2
Vibrations of Nanorods and Nanotubes – Scaling Law for Vibrations 88
V